| East Asia Pacific without China | East Asia Pacific with China | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent variable: | Job growth rate, annual | Job creation | Job destruction | Job growth rate, annual | Job creation | Job destruction | ||||||
(%) | (1 or 0) | (1 or 0) | (%) | (1 or 0) | (1 or 0) | |||||||
Coef. | tstat | Coef. | tstat | Coef. | tstat | Coef. | tstat | Coef. | tstat | Coef. | tstat | |
Basic firm-level traits | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Initial firm size, <=5 emp. (ref. 31+) | 0.517*** | 110.4 | 0.656*** | 135.4 | −0.557*** | −121.6 | 0.389*** | 204.3 | 0.453*** | 149.3 | −0.358*** | −160.4 |
Initial firm size, 6–15 emp. | 0.151*** | 35.0 | 0.083*** | 18.6 | −0.203*** | −48.0 | 0.061*** | 43.4 | −0.021*** | −9.4 | −0.087*** | −52.2 |
Initial firm size, 16–30 emp. | 0.067*** | 12.7 | −0.022*** | −4.0 | −0.062*** | −12.0 | 0.013*** | 7.6 | −0.062*** | −22.0 | −0.018*** | −8.6 |
Firms <10 years old (ref. >=20) | −0.034*** | −10.4 | 0.119*** | 35.1 | 0.036*** | 11.3 | 0.017*** | 11.6 | 0.179*** | 76.7 | −0.044*** | −25.9 |
Firms 10–19 years old | 0.004 | 1.1 | 0.021*** | 6.2 | 0.036*** | 11.5 | 0.025*** | 17.9 | 0.199*** | 87.7 | −0.032*** | −19.2 |
City w/ 1 mil. or capital (ref. small city) | 0.005** | 2.0 | −0.124*** | −47.8 | 0.053*** | 21.7 | 0.015*** | 9.3 | −0.120*** | −47.3 | 0.056*** | 30.1 |
Manufacturing (ref. other sectors) | −0.031*** | −4.1 | −0.057*** | −7.4 | 0.072*** | 9.8 | 0.045*** | 16.2 | 0.164*** | 36.5 | −0.172*** | −52.3 |
Services | −0.068*** | −8.9 | −0.084*** | −10.6 | −0.020*** | −2.7 | 0.032*** | 11.3 | 0.170*** | 37.7 | −0.174*** | −52.5 |
Formally registered when opened | 0.023*** | 6.9 | 0.029*** | 8.4 | 0.003 | 1.0 | 0.003** | 2.1 | −0.042*** | −18.0 | −0.032*** | −18.6 |
Sole proprietorship | −0.174*** | −50.1 | −0.029*** | −8.1 | −0.070*** | −20.8 | −0.038*** | −34.1 | −0.053*** | −29.2 | −0.039*** | −29.7 |
Firm is foreign owned, partly or fully | 0.056*** | 7.6 | 0.237*** | 31.3 | −0.070*** | −9.7 | 0.017*** | 7.4 | 0.140*** | 38.2 | −0.022*** | −8.3 |
Firm is partly government owned | −0.133*** | −8.7 | −0.065*** | −4.1 | 0.129*** | 8.6 | −0.024*** | −4.5 | 0.050*** | 5.8 | 0.016** | 2.6 |
Share of female employees | −0.055*** | −14.8 | −0.021*** | −5.6 | −0.075*** | −20.6 | −0.050*** | −27.1 | −0.090*** | −30.2 | −0.060*** | −27.4 |
Wage and productivity traits | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Wage per worker, tercile 2 (ref. ter. 1) | −0.082*** | −10.4 | −0.308*** | −37.9 | 0.149*** | 19.4 | −0.015*** | −11.4 | 0.040*** | 18.6 | −0.006*** | −3.5 |
Wage per worker, tercile 3 | −0.171*** | −20.0 | −0.409*** | −46.1 | 0.209*** | 24.9 | −0.075*** | −22.9 | −0.112*** | −21.3 | 0.208*** | 53.6 |
Labour productivity (sales/employ.), ln | −0.013*** | −11.3 | −0.005*** | −4.0 | −0.005*** | −4.7 | −0.015*** | −30.9 | −0.026*** | −34.3 | −0.016*** | −28.3 |
Technology and infrastructure traits | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Firm exports | 0.097*** | 17.7 | 0.013** | 2.4 | −0.075*** | −14.0 | 0.004** | 2.3 | −0.075*** | −26.9 | 0.061*** | 30.1 |
Email use for doing business | −0.032*** | −8.3 | 0.074*** | 18.7 | −0.086*** | −23.0 | 0.020*** | 14.1 | 0.157*** | 69.4 | −0.012*** | −7.1 |
Has 3 or + power outages a month | 0.048*** | 16.4 | 0.016*** | 5.2 | 0.033*** | 11.6 | 0.052*** | 29.0 | −0.024*** | −8.2 | 0.045*** | 21.0 |
Business regulation traits | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Firm has ISO certification | 0.012** | 2.1 | 0.005 | 0.8 | 0.093*** | 16.5 | 0.028*** | 21.5 | 0.004* | 1.7 | −0.011*** | −7.0 |
Firm has external auditor | 0.009* | 1.8 | 0.093*** | 18.8 | −0.130*** | −27.9 | 0.033*** | 25.8 | 0.055*** | 27.2 | −0.032*** | −21.1 |
Spends 5+ % of time w/ regulations | −0.034*** | −10.0 | 0.009** | 2.6 | −0.060*** | −18.5 | −0.004*** | −2.7 | −0.026*** | −10.4 | −0.050*** | −27.7 |
Financial climate traits | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Has credit line or loan from a bank | 0.045*** | 14.9 | 0.175*** | 56.1 | −0.063*** | −21.3 | 0.006*** | 4.7 | 0.079*** | 39.2 | −0.009*** | −6.1 |
Has overdraft facility with their bank | 0.036*** | 7.7 | 0.091*** | 19.0 | −0.061*** | −13.6 | 0.007*** | 5.6 | 0.007*** | 3.5 | −0.024*** | −15.9 |
Tax and corruption traits | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Inspected by tax officials last year | −0.023*** | −6.4 | −0.043*** | −11.5 | 0.025*** | 7.1 | −0.012*** | −9.5 | 0.061*** | 29.7 | −0.035*** | −23.5 |
Gives informal payments to officials | 0.118*** | 30.7 | 0.009** | 2.3 | −0.064*** | −17.0 | 0.064*** | 33.3 | −0.049*** | −15.6 | 0.007*** | 3.3 |
Country fixed effects | yes | Â | yes | Â | yes | Â | yes | Â | yes | Â | yes | Â |
Constant | 0.279** | 2.1 | 0.859*** | 6.4 | 0.453*** | 3.6 | 0.097 | 1.3 | 0.307*** | 2.6 | 0.640*** | 7.4 |
Observations | 1,509 | Â | 1,517 | Â | 1,517 | Â | 2,153 | Â | 2,162 | Â | 2,162 | Â |
Adjusted R-squared | 0.228 | Â | 0.365 | Â | 0.224 | Â | 0.197 | Â | 0.282 | Â | 0.201 | Â |