From: Making sense of Arab labor markets: the enduring legacy of dualism
Dependent variable: unemployed or not for those in labor force | |||||||||
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All Main Effects | All Interacted | Egypt 1996 | Egypt 2006 | Iraq 1997 | Jordan 2004 | Morocco 2004 | Palestine 1997 | Palestine 2007 | |
Base Probability | 0.396 | 0.387 | 0.561 | 0.244 | 0.196 | 0.320 | 0.391 | 0.190 | 0.244 |
Public employment rate in governorate/province (SD) | 0.020 (0.012) | −0.012 (0.017) | 0.008 (0.046) | −0.015 (0.018) | 0.014* (0.005) | −0.015 (0.017) | 0.028 (0.019) | 0.030* (0.015) | −0.020 (0.015) |
Individual characteristics | |||||||||
Age | 0.046*** (0.012) | 0.046*** (0.012) | 0.113*** (0.012) | 0.043*** (0.004) | −0.103*** (0.005) | −0.086*** (0.010) | 0.033*** (0.004) | −0.054*** (0.008) | −0.023 (0.012) |
Age Sq. | −0.002*** (0.000) | −0.002*** (0.000) | −0.003*** (0.000) | −0.002*** (0.000) | 0.002*** (0.000) | 0.001*** (0.000) | −0.001*** (0.000) | 0.001*** (0.000) | −0.000 (0.000) |
Female | 0.152*** (0.012) | 0.182*** (0.015) | 0.131*** (0.015) | 0.198*** (0.018) | −0.270*** (0.016) | 0.372*** (0.008) | 0.021 (0.020) | 0.065** (0.021) | 0.133*** (0.026) |
Education Level, Secondary Omitted | |||||||||
Ed. LT primary | −0.415*** (0.043) | −0.398*** (0.043) | −0.762*** (0.031) | −0.229*** (0.017) | −0.014* (0.007) | −0.057* (0.023) | −0.238*** (0.018) | 0.008 (0.014) | 0.046* (0.020) |
Ed. primary | −0.238*** (0.030) | −0.241*** (0.031) | −0.581*** (0.033) | −0.154*** (0.014) | −0.049*** (0.007) | 0.023** (0.008) | −0.083*** (0.013) | −0.015 (0.009) | −0.006 (0.014) |
Ed. University | −0.023 (0.015) | 0.045** (0.015) | −0.044*** (0.010) | 0.110*** (0.012) | 0.025* (0.011) | 0.126*** (0.010) | 0.060 (0.032) | 0.058** (0.018) | 0.098*** (0.020) |
Residence, rural omitted | |||||||||
Urban/Rural missing | 0.104*** (0.028) | 0.104*** (0.027) | −0.104* (0.051) | −0.002 (0.017) | 0.062** (0.024) | ||||
Urban | 0.055*** (0.012) | 0.053*** (0.012) | 0.002 (0.013) | 0.101*** (0.011) | 0.019 (0.017) | −0.046** (0.017) | 0.004 (0.012) | −0.017 (0.019) | |
Governorate/Province Controls (Standardized) | |||||||||
Percentage connected to electricity (SD) | 0.009 (0.009) | 0.006 (0.009) | 0.034 (0.027) | 0.020 (0.013) | −0.040*** (0.012) | 0.004 (0.004) | 0.053* (0.025) | 0.015 (0.010) | 0.035*** (0.010) |
Percentage connected to piped water (SD) | 0.017 (0.012) | 0.014 (0.012) | −0.015 (0.035) | −0.004 (0.018) | −0.013 (0.021) | −0.004 (0.006) | −0.005 (0.020) | −0.018* (0.009) | −0.016 (0.010) |
Percentage connected to sewerage network (SD) | 0.016 (0.013) | 0.020 (0.011) | 0.051 (0.040) | 0.019 (0.022) | 0.074 (0.039) | −0.062*** (0.013) | 0.023 (0.012) | −0.018* (0.009) | −0.013 (0.012) |
Percentage w/ secondary educ. in working age pop. (SD) | −0.019 (0.017) | −0.016 (0.016) | −0.107** (0.040) | 0.028 (0.020) | −0.045* (0.023) | 0.044*** (0.008) | 0.025 (0.020) | 0.063*** (0.011) | 0.028 (0.015) |
Percentage w/ university educ. in working age pop. (SD) | −0.020 (0.011) | −0.023* (0.011) | −0.037 (0.036) | −0.024 (0.015) | −0.014 (0.018) | −0.044*** (0.004) | −0.056*** (0.017) | −0.033*** (0.006) | −0.040*** (0.010) |
Gender & education interactions | |||||||||
Female * Ed LT. primary | −0.027 (0.021) | 0.020 (0.035) | −0.037 (0.023) | −0.037 (0.026) | −0.461*** (0.052) | 0.140*** (0.016) | 0.088 (0.050) | −0.012 (0.080) | |
Female * ed. primary | 0.030* (0.015) | 0.155*** (0.033) | 0.016 (0.011) | 0.004 (0.025) | −0.099*** (0.025) | 0.175*** (0.008) | 0.110*** (0.031) | −0.015 (0.030) | |
Female * ed. university | −0.176*** (0.014) | −0.210*** (0.014) | −0.185*** (0.018) | 0.098*** (0.017) | −0.217*** (0.008) | −0.025 (0.022) | −0.088*** (0.024) | −0.078*** (0.023) | |
Public sector & education interactions | |||||||||
Public sector rate * ed. LT primary | 0.081* (0.032) | 0.174*** (0.020) | 0.016 (0.010) | 0.010* (0.005) | 0.054** (0.018) | 0.034** (0.012) | 0.030* (0.013) | 0.007 (0.023) | |
Public sector rate * ed. primary | 0.058** (0.020) | 0.127*** (0.027) | 0.014 (0.010) | 0.008 (0.006) | 0.040*** (0.006) | 0.038** (0.013) | 0.018** (0.007) | −0.000 (0.012) | |
Public sector rate * ed. university | 0.013 (0.015) | 0.030** (0.010) | −0.006 (0.009) | 0.021* (0.008) | −0.004 (0.007) | −0.034 (0.019) | 0.019 (0.017) | 0.009 (0.018) | |
Public sector & gender interaction | |||||||||
Public sector rate * female | −0.027* (0.013) | −0.033* (0.013) | −0.021 (0.011) | 0.026 (0.014) | 0.093*** (0.011) | 0.019 (0.011) | 0.004 (0.018) | 0.003 (0.020) | |
Public sector, gender, & education interactions | |||||||||
Public sector rate * female ed. LT primary | 0.036 (0.026) | −0.030 (0.033) | 0.032 (0.021) | −0.041 (0.028) | 0.080* (0.039) | −0.017 (0.019) | −0.028 (0.045) | −0.365** (0.126) | |
Public sector rate * female* ed. primary | 0.037* (0.016) | −0.116*** (0.029) | 0.019 (0.011) | −0.005 (0.029) | −0.011 (0.035) | −0.046*** (0.010) | −0.033 (0.039) | −0.033 (0.028) | |
Public sector rate * female* ed. university | 0.052*** (0.012) | 0.060*** (0.013) | 0.051*** (0.012) | −0.029* (0.014) | −0.054*** (0.007) | 0.008 (0.010) | −0.020 (0.023) | 0.047* (0.024) | |
Country-year fixed effects (Egypt 1996 omitted) | |||||||||
Egypt 2006 | −0.081*** (0.021) | −0.081*** (0.020) | |||||||
Iraq 1997 | 0.012 (0.034) | 0.016 (0.037) | |||||||
Jordan 2004 | 0.050 (0.038) | 0.052 (0.040) | |||||||
Morocco 2004 | 0.054 (0.034) | 0.053 (0.033) | |||||||
Palestine 1997 | −0.063 (0.033) | −0.056 (0.032) | |||||||
Palestine 2007 | −0.036 (0.025) | −0.028 (0.023) | |||||||
N (Observations) Pseudo R-squared | 2,084,702 0.129 | 2,084,702 0.135 | 679,333 0.320 | 839,128 0.149 | 233,428 0.077 | 67,750 0.151 | 218,806 0.072 | 27,239 0.082 | 19,018 0.062 |