Table 9 By Age: Self-employment and Informal Earnings Premiums(+) or Penalties(-), by Income Group
From: How Large are Earnings Penalties for Self-Employed and Informal Wage Workers?
| A. All self-employed vs. all employees | Age 15-24 | (Standard Error) | Age 25-44 | (Standard Error) | Age 45-64 | (Standard Error) | |||
| Total sample | -0.075 | (0.107) | -0.080 | (0.107) | -0.056 | (0.027) | ** | ||
| Low Income | 0.077 | (0.010) | 0.208 | (0.062) | *** | 0.205 | (0.052) | *** | |
| Low Middle Income | -0.250 | (0.045) | *** | -0.128 | (0.057) | ** | -0.068 | (0.010) | *** |
| Upper Middle Income | 0.037 | (0.095) | -0.008 | (0.088) | -0.051 | (0.011) | |||
| High Income | 0.317 | (0.469) | *** | -0.248 | (0.025) | *** | -0.356 | (0.306) | |
| B. Non-professional own-account workers vs. all employees | Age 15-24 | (Standard Error) | Age 25-44 | (Standard Error) | Age 45-64 | (Standard Error) | |||
| Total sample | -0.137 | (0.084) | -0.153 | (0.057) | *** | -0.202 | (0.073) | *** | |
| Low Income | 0.193 | (0.055) | *** | 0.255 | (0.039) | *** | 0.302 | (0.029) | *** |
| Low Middle Income | -0.247 | (0.035) | *** | -0.200 | (0.028) | *** | -0.205 | (0.117) | * |
| Upper Middle Income | 0.031 | (0.048) | -0.059 | (0.045) | -0.080 | (0.053) | |||
| High Income | -0.235 | (0.049) | *** | -0.319 | (0.012) | *** | -0.332 | (0.020) | *** |
| C. Employers and Professionals vs. Employees | Age 15-24 | (Standard Error) | Age 25-44 | (Standard Error) | Age 45-64 | (Standard Error) | |||
| Total sample | -0.917 | (1.287) | 0.187 | (0.152) | 0.277 | (0.123) | *** | ||
| Low Income | -5.436 | (0.114) | *** | -2.718 | (2.078) | -2.588 | (2.216) | ||
| Low Middle Income | 0.114 | (0.310) | 0.143 | (0.158) | 0.465 | (0.055) | *** | ||
| Upper Middle Income | 0.537 | (0.045) | *** | 0.522 | (0.057) | *** | 0.554 | (0.074) | *** |
| High Income | 0.889 | (0.471) | * | 0.025 | (0.044) | 0.106 | (0.051) | ** | |
| C. Informal vs. Formal Employees | Age 15-24 | (Standard Error) | Age 25-44 | (Standard Error) | Age 45-64 | (Standard Error) | |||
| Total sample | -0.311 | (0.024) | *** | -0.317 | (0.019) | *** | -0.393 | (0.020) | *** |
| Low Income | -0.090 | (0.117) | -0.132 | (0.063) | -0.232 | (0.133) | * | ||
| Low Middle Income | -0.330 | (0.050) | *** | -0.324 | (0.032) | *** | -0.416 | (0.021) | *** |
| Upper Middle Income | -0.305 | (0.016) | *** | -0.315 | (0.019) | *** | -0.388 | (0.025) | *** |
| High Income | na | na | na | na | na | na | |||