Table 8 By Education Level: Self-employment and Informal Earnings Premiums(+) or Penalties(-), by Income Group
From: How Large are Earnings Penalties for Self-Employed and Informal Wage Workers?
A. All self-employed vs. all employees | Primary Incomplete | (Standard Error) | Primary Graduate | (Standard Error) | Secondary Graduate and University Incomplete | (Standard Error) | University Graduate | (Standard Error) | ||||
 Total sample | -0.042 | (0.060) |  | -0.099 | (0.104) |  | -0.004 | (0.025) |  | 0.004 | (0.007) |  |
 Low Income | 0.239 | (0.089) | *** | 0.168 | (0.076) | ** | -0.013 | (0.014) |  | 0.001 | (0.006) |  |
 Low Middle Income | -0.128 | (0.034) | *** | -0.238 | (0.077) | *** | -0.027 | (0.074) |  | 0.032 | 0.091 |  |
 Upper Middle Income | -0.037 | (0.089) |  | 0.012 | (0.134) |  | 0.077 | (0.023) | *** | 0.034 | (0.022) |  |
 High Income | -0.167 | (0.049) | *** | -0.143 | (0.026) | *** | -0.168 | (0.029) | *** | -0.014 | (0.011) |  |
B. Informal vs. Formal | Primary Incomplete | (Standard Error) | Primary Graduate | (Standard Error) | Secondary Graduate and University Incomplete | (Standard Error) | University Graduate | (Standard Error) | ||||
 Total sample | -0.363 | (0.015) | *** | -0.379 | (0.025) | *** | -0.431 | (0.041) | *** | -0.444 | (0.039) | *** |
 Low Income | -0.362 | (0.248) |  | -0.196 | (0.060) | *** | -0.253 | (0.151) | * | -0.058 | (0.155) |  |
 Low Middle Income | -0.394 | (0.037) | *** | -0.365 | (0.051) | *** | -0.520 | (0.104) | *** | -0.408 | (0.036) | *** |
 Upper Middle Income | -0.353 | (0.016) | *** | -0.385 | (0.020) | *** | -0.391 | 0.025 | *** | -0.471 | (0.053) | *** |
 High Income | na | na |  | na | na |  | na | na |  | na | na |  |