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Table 6 Male vs. Female: Self-employment and Informal Earnings Premiums(+) or Penalties(-), by Income Group

From: How Large are Earnings Penalties for Self-Employed and Informal Wage Workers?

A. All self-employed vs. all employees

Self-employment vs. Employees

      
 

Female

(SE)

Male

(SE)

      

 Total sample

-0.177

(0.080)

**

-0.053

(0.067)

       

 Low Income

-0.145

(0.084)

*

0.310

(0.036)

***

      

 Low Middle Income

-0.142

(0.028)

***

-0.224

(0.106)

**

      

 Upper Middle Income

-0.084

(0.118)

 

-0.002

(0.106)

       

 High Income

-0.400

(0.054)

***

-0.072

(0.037)

*

      

B. Non-professional own-account and employers and professionals vs. all employees

Non-professional Own-Account vs. Employees

Employers & Professionals vs. Employees

 

Female

(SE)

Male

(SE)

Female

(SE)

Male

(SE)

 Total sample

-0.218

(0.090)

**

-0.114

(0.072)

 

-0.190

(0.075)

**

0.184

(0.156)

 

 Low Income

-0.116

(0.099)

 

0.347

(0.007)

***

-0.441

(0.195)

**

-3.567

(2.003)

*

 Low Middle Income

-0.147

(0.018)

***

-0.313

(0.082)

***

-0.186

(0.106)

*

0.266

(0.146)

*

 Upper Middle Income

-0.070

(0.071)

 

-0.006

(0.046)

 

-0.035

(0.025)

 

0.584

(0.037)

***

 High Income

-0.487

(0.014)

***

-0.134

(0.037)

***

-0.279

(0.068)

***

0.196

(0.070)

***

C. Informal vs. Formal

Non-professional Own-Account vs. Employers & Professionals

Informal Employees vs. Formal Employees

 

Female

(SE)

Male

(SE)

Female

(SE)

Male

(SE)

 Total sample

0.214

(0.667)

 

-0.192

0.259

 

-0.341

(0.013)

***

-0.337

(0.021)

***

 Low Income

5.852

(0.638)

***

4.236

1.890

**

-0.016

(0.080)

 

-0.238

(0.105)

**

 Low Middle Income

0.063

(0.478)

 

-0.428

0.036

***

-0.362

(0.015)

***

-0.353

(0.041)

***

 Upper Middle Income

-0.669

(0.059)

***

-0.610

0.021

***

-0.337

(0.017)

***

-0.332

(0.018)

***

 High Income

-0.410

(0.013)

***

-0.373

0.019

***

na

na

 

na

na

 

D. Non-professional own-account vs. formal and informal employees

Non-professional Own-account vs. Formal Employees

Non-professional Own-account vs. Informal Employees

 

Female

(SE)

Male

(SE)

Female

(SE)

Male

(SE)

 Total sample

-0.226

(0.071)

***

-0.123

(0.043)

***

0.163

(0.078)

**

-0.273

0.045

***

 Low Income

-0.284

(0.427)

 

-0.234

(0.318)

 

-0.176

(0.299)

 

0.408

0.162

**

 Low Middle Income

-0.327

(0.036)

***

-0.153

(0.074)

**

0.136

(0.095)

 

-0.213

0.076

***

 Upper Middle Income

-0.193

(0.089)

**

-0.104

(0.047)

**

0.175

(0.084)

**

-0.296

0.039

***

 High Income

na

na

 

na

na

 

na

na

 

na

na

 
  1. Notes: * significantly different from zero at 10%; ** significantly different from zero at 5%; *** singnificantly different from zero at 1%