Table 5 For Urban Workers Only: Self-employment and Informal Earnings Premiums(+) or Penalties(-), by Income Group
From: How Large are Earnings Penalties for Self-Employed and Informal Wage Workers?
A. All self-employed vs. all employees | Self-employment vs. Employees | (Standard Error) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Number of Countries | Number of Surveys | |
 Total sample | -0.046 | (0.065) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 73 | 347 |
 Low Income | 0.248 | (0.050) | *** |  |  |  |  |  |  | 20 | 32 |
 Low Middle Income | -0.053 | (0.046) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 23 | 134 |
 Upper Middle Income | -0.010 | (0.090) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 16 | 114 |
 High Income | -0.224 | (0.022) | *** |  |  |  |  |  |  | 14 | 67 |
B. Non-professional own-account and employers and professionals vs. all employees | Non-professional Own-Account vs. Employees | (Standard Error) | Employers & Professionals vs. Employees | (Standard Error) | Â | Â | Â | Number of Countries | Number of Surveys | ||
 Total sample | -0.126 | (0.072) | * | 0.234 | (0.125) | * |  |  |  | 42 | 152 |
 Low Income | 0.272 | (0.020) | *** | -3.556 | (1.933) | * |  |  |  | 7 | 9 |
 Low Middle Income | -0.173 | (0.047) | *** | 0.216 | (0.161) | * |  |  |  | 8 | 29 |
 Upper Middle Income | -0.040 | (0.077) |  | 0.456 | (0.095) | *** |  |  |  | 14 | 52 |
 High Income | -0.305 | (0.017) | *** | 0.079 | (0.052) | * |  |  |  | 13 | 62 |
C. All Self-employed vs. informal and formal employees, informal vs. formal employees | Self-employed vs. Formal Employees | (Standard Error) | Self-employed vs. Informal Employees | (Standard Error) | Informal vs. Formal Employees | (Standard Error) | Number of Countries | Number of Surveys | |||
 Total sample | -0.074 | (0.063) |  | 0.208 | (0.084) | ** | -0.657 | (0.013) | *** | 34 | 190 |
 Low Income | 0.091 | (0.178) |  | 0.283 | (0.148) | * | -0.220 | (0.110) | * | 9 | 11 |
 Low Middle Income | -0.056 | (0.016) | *** | 0.216 | (0.052) | *** | -0.715 | (0.022) | *** | 20 | 104 |
 Upper Middle Income | -0.079 | (0.076) |  | 0.204 | (0.099) | ** | -0.636 | (0.026) | ** | 5 | 75 |
 High Income | na | na |  | na | na |  | na | na |  | 0 | 0 |
D. Non-professional own-account vs. formal employees, informal employees and employers and professionals | Non-professional Own-account vs. Formal Employees | (Standard Error) | Non-professional Own-account vs. Informal Employees | (Standard Error) | Non-professional O.A. vs. Employers and Professionals | (Standard Error) | Number of Countries | Number of Surveys | |||
 Total sample | -0.156 | (0.066) | ** | 0.253 | (0.069) | *** | -0.627 | (0.045) | *** | 15 | 58 |
 Low Income | -0.215 | (0.390) |  | -0.072 | (0.174) |  | -0.134 | (0.116) | *** | 4 | 4 |
 Low Middle Income | -0.223 | (0.045) | *** | 0.220 | (0.101) | ** | -0.589 | (0.065) | *** | 7 | 24 |
 Upper Middle Income | -0.134 | (0.085) |  | 0.265 | (0.067) | *** | -0.639 | (0.042) | *** | 4 | 30 |
 High Income | na | na |  | na | na |  | na | na |  | 0 | 0 |