Table 4 Self-employment and Informal Earnings Premiums(+) or Penalties(-), by Region of the World
From: How Large are Earnings Penalties for Self-Employed and Informal Wage Workers?
| A. All self-employed vs. all employees | Self-employment vs. Employees | (Standard Error) | Number of Countries | Number of Surveys | |||||||
| Total sample | -0.095 | (0.076) | 73 | 347 | |||||||
| Latin America & Caribbean | -0.017 | (0.099) | 20 | 217 | |||||||
| Europe & Central Asia (High-Income) | -0.212 | (0.146) | 13 | 58 | |||||||
| Europe & Central Asia (Developing) | -0.226 | (0.060) | *** | 19 | 43 | ||||||
| Other | -0.169 | (0.073) | ** | 21 | 29 | ||||||
| East Asia & Pacific | -0.278 | (0.000) | *** | 3 | 3 | ||||||
| Middle East & North Africa | 0.379 | (0.006) | *** | 2 | 3 | ||||||
| North America | -0.243 | (0.000) | *** | 1 | 3 | ||||||
| South Asia | 0.269 | (0.044) | *** | 2 | 3 | ||||||
| Sub-Saharan Africa | -0.248 | (0.068) | *** | 13 | 17 | ||||||
| B. Non-professional own-account and employers and professionals vs. all employees | Non-professional Own-Account vs. Employees | (Standard Error) | Employers & Professionals vs. Employees | (Standard Error) | Number of Countries | Number of Surveys | |||||
| Total sample | -0.096 | (0.067) | 0.284 | (0.095) | *** | 42 | 152 | ||||
| Latin America & Caribbean | 0.049 | (0.027) | * | 0.495 | (0.059) | *** | 7 | 52 | |||
| Europe & Central Asia (High-Income) | -0.398 | (0.118) | *** | 0.103 | (0.110) | 12 | 56 | ||||
| Europe & Central Asia (Developing) | -0.325 | (0.057) | *** | -0.039 | (0.046) | 12 | 31 | ||||
| Other | -0.173 | (0.061) | *** | 0.076 | (0.049) | 11 | 14 | ||||
| East Asia & Pacific | -0.252 | (0.000) | *** | 0.024 | (0.000) | *** | 2 | 2 | |||
| Middle East & North Africa | 0.389 | (0.004) | *** | 0.702 | (0.005) | *** | 2 | 2 | |||
| North America | -0.225 | (0.000) | *** | 0.109 | (0.000) | *** | 1 | 3 | |||
| South Asia | 0.270 | (0.000) | *** | 0.565 | (0.000) | *** | 1 | 2 | |||
| Sub-Saharan Africa | -0.364 | (0.006) | *** | 0.420 | (0.016) | *** | 5 | 5 | |||
| C. All Self-employed vs. informal and formal employees, informal vs. formal employees | Self-employed vs. Formal Employees | (Standard Error) | Self-employed vs. Informal Employees | (Standard Error) | Informal vs. Formal Employees | (Standard Error) | Number of Countries | Number of Surveys | |||
| Total sample | -0.150 | (0.115) | 0.186 | (0.113) | * | -0.337 | (0.015) | *** | 34 | 190 | |
| Latin America & Caribbean | -0.146 | (0.116) | -0.036 | 0.084 | -0.329 | (0.016) | *** | 18 | 172 | ||
| Europe & Central Asia (Developing) | -0.024 | (0.062) | 0.190 | 0.116 | * | -0.018 | (0.054) | 9 | 11 | ||
| Middle East & North Africa | 0.190 | 0.000 | -0.431 | na | 0.241 | na | 1 | 1 | |||
| Sub-Saharan Africa | 0.530 | (0.019) | *** | 0.134 | 0.027 | *** | -0.663 | (0.006) | *** | 6 | 6 |
| D. Non-professional own-account vs. formal employees, informal employees and employers and professionals | Non-professional Own-account vs. Formal Employees | (Standard Error) | Non-professional Own-account vs. Informal Employees | (Standard Error) | Non-professional O.A. vs. Employers and Professionals | (Standard Error) | Number of Countries | Number of Surveys | |||
| Total sample | -0.150 | (0.052) | *** | 0.245 | (0.059) | *** | -0.674 | (0.035) | *** | 15 | 58 |
| Latin America & Caribbean | -0.122 | (0.055) | *** | 0.259 | (0.055) | *** | -0.670 | (0.037) | *** | 6 | 47 |
| Europe & Central Asia (Developing) | -0.221 | (0.099) | *** | -0.245 | (0.130) | * | -0.368 | (0.137) | *** | 6 | 8 |
| Sub-Saharan Africa | -0.696 | (0.000) | *** | 0.035 | (0.009) | *** | -1.002 | (0.039) | *** | 3 | 3 |