Table 3 Self-employment and Informal Earnings Premiums(+) or Penalties(-), by Income Group
From: How Large are Earnings Penalties for Self-Employed and Informal Wage Workers?
| A. All self-employed vs. all employees | Self-employment vs. Employees | (Standard Error) | Number of Countries | Number of Surveys | |||||||
| Total sample | -0.095 | (0.076) | 73 | 347 | |||||||
| Low Income | 0.236 | (0.055) | *** | 20 | 32 | ||||||
| Low Middle Income | -0.168 | (0.080) | ** | 23 | 134 | ||||||
| Upper Middle Income | -0.027 | (0.118) | 16 | 114 | |||||||
| High Income | -0.238 | (0.023) | *** | 14 | 67 | ||||||
| B. Non-professional own-account and employers and professionals vs. all employees | Non-professional Own-Account vs. Employees | (Standard Error) | Employers & Professionals vs. Employees | (Standard Error) | Number of Countries | Number of Surveys | |||||
| Total sample | -0.096 | (0.067) | 0.284 | (0.095) | *** | 42 | 152 | ||||
| Low Income | 0.286 | (0.021) | *** | 0.590 | (0.030) | *** | 7 | 9 | |||
| Low Middle Income | -0.167 | (0.079) | ** | 0.223 | (0.131) | * | 8 | 29 | |||
| Upper Middle Income | 0.035 | (0.043) | 0.563 | (0.028) | *** | 14 | 52 | ||||
| High Income | -0.243 | (0.018) | *** | 0.076 | (0.030) | 13 | 62 | ||||
| C. All Self-employed vs. informal and formal employees, informal vs. formal employees | Self-employed vs. Formal Employees | (Standard Error) | Self-employed vs. Informal Employees | (Standard Error) | Informal vs. Formal Employees | (Standard Error) | Number of Countries | Number of Surveys | |||
| Total sample | -0.208 | (0.114) | ** | 0.131 | (0.095) | -0.341 | (0.013) | *** | 34 | 190 | |
| Low Income | -0.123 | (0.236) | 0.076 | (0.140) | -0.016 | (0.080) | 9 | 11 | |||
| Low Middle Income | -0.184 | (0.028) | *** | 0.129 | (0.065) | ** | -0.362 | (0.015) | *** | 20 | 104 |
| Upper Middle Income | -0.218 | (0.150) | * | 0.132 | (0.113) | * | -0.337 | (0.017) | *** | 5 | 75 |
| High Income | na | na | na | na | na | na | 0 | 0 | |||
| D. Non-professional own-account vs. formal employees, informal employees and employers and professionals | Non-professional Own-account vs. Formal Employees | (Standard Error) | Non-professional Own-account vs. Informal Employees | (Standard Error) | Non-professional O.A. vs. Employers and Professionals | (Standard Error) | Number of Countries | Number of Surveys | |||
| Total sample | -0.150 | (0.052) | *** | 0.245 | (0.059) | *** | -1.015 | (0.048) | *** | 15 | 58 |
| Low Income | -0.157 | (0.304) | -0.379 | (0.122) | *** | -0.170 | (0.192) | 4 | 4 | ||
| Low Middle Income | -0.234 | (0.045) | *** | 0.207 | (0.074) | *** | -0.968 | (0.086) | *** | 7 | 24 |
| Upper Middle Income | -0.117 | (0.063) | * | 0.260 | (0.057) | *** | -1.042 | (0.040) | *** | 4 | 30 |
| High Income | na | na | na | na | na | na | 0 | 0 | |||