Table 3 Self-employment and Informal Earnings Premiums(+) or Penalties(-), by Income Group
From: How Large are Earnings Penalties for Self-Employed and Informal Wage Workers?
A. All self-employed vs. all employees | Self-employment vs. Employees | (Standard Error) | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Number of Countries | Number of Surveys | |
 Total sample | -0.095 | (0.076) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 73 | 347 |
 Low Income | 0.236 | (0.055) | *** |  |  |  |  |  |  | 20 | 32 |
 Low Middle Income | -0.168 | (0.080) | ** |  |  |  |  |  |  | 23 | 134 |
 Upper Middle Income | -0.027 | (0.118) |  |  |  |  |  |  |  | 16 | 114 |
 High Income | -0.238 | (0.023) | *** |  |  |  |  |  |  | 14 | 67 |
B. Non-professional own-account and employers and professionals vs. all employees | Non-professional Own-Account vs. Employees | (Standard Error) | Employers & Professionals vs. Employees | (Standard Error) | Â | Â | Â | Number of Countries | Number of Surveys | ||
 Total sample | -0.096 | (0.067) |  | 0.284 | (0.095) | *** |  |  |  | 42 | 152 |
 Low Income | 0.286 | (0.021) | *** | 0.590 | (0.030) | *** |  |  |  | 7 | 9 |
 Low Middle Income | -0.167 | (0.079) | ** | 0.223 | (0.131) | * |  |  |  | 8 | 29 |
 Upper Middle Income | 0.035 | (0.043) |  | 0.563 | (0.028) | *** |  |  |  | 14 | 52 |
 High Income | -0.243 | (0.018) | *** | 0.076 | (0.030) |  |  |  |  | 13 | 62 |
C. All Self-employed vs. informal and formal employees, informal vs. formal employees | Self-employed vs. Formal Employees | (Standard Error) | Self-employed vs. Informal Employees | (Standard Error) | Informal vs. Formal Employees | (Standard Error) | Number of Countries | Number of Surveys | |||
 Total sample | -0.208 | (0.114) | ** | 0.131 | (0.095) |  | -0.341 | (0.013) | *** | 34 | 190 |
 Low Income | -0.123 | (0.236) |  | 0.076 | (0.140) |  | -0.016 | (0.080) |  | 9 | 11 |
 Low Middle Income | -0.184 | (0.028) | *** | 0.129 | (0.065) | ** | -0.362 | (0.015) | *** | 20 | 104 |
 Upper Middle Income | -0.218 | (0.150) | * | 0.132 | (0.113) | * | -0.337 | (0.017) | *** | 5 | 75 |
 High Income | na | na |  | na | na |  | na | na |  | 0 | 0 |
D. Non-professional own-account vs. formal employees, informal employees and employers and professionals | Non-professional Own-account vs. Formal Employees | (Standard Error) | Non-professional Own-account vs. Informal Employees | (Standard Error) | Non-professional O.A. vs. Employers and Professionals | (Standard Error) | Number of Countries | Number of Surveys | |||
 Total sample | -0.150 | (0.052) | *** | 0.245 | (0.059) | *** | -1.015 | (0.048) | *** | 15 | 58 |
 Low Income | -0.157 | (0.304) |  | -0.379 | (0.122) | *** | -0.170 | (0.192) |  | 4 | 4 |
 Low Middle Income | -0.234 | (0.045) | *** | 0.207 | (0.074) | *** | -0.968 | (0.086) | *** | 7 | 24 |
 Upper Middle Income | -0.117 | (0.063) | * | 0.260 | (0.057) | *** | -1.042 | (0.040) | *** | 4 | 30 |
 High Income | na | na |  | na | na |  | na | na |  | 0 | 0 |