From: Two tales of contraction: gender wage gap in Georgia before and after the 2008 crisis
Variables | Composition | Structure | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | 10th | 25th | 50th | 75th | 90th | Mean | 10th | 25th | 50th | 75th | 90th | |
Vocationala | 0.0278 | 0.0145 | 0.0104 | 0.0250 | 0.103* | 0.0608 | −0.0151 | −0.0360 | 0.00596 | −0.00163 | −0.0819 | −0.0260 |
(0.0195) | (0.0416) | (0.0343) | (0.0302) | (0.0544) | (0.0640) | (0.0261) | (0.0479) | (0.0432) | (0.0388) | (0.0602) | (0.0741) | |
Higher education | 0.0100 | −0.171 | −0.0643 | 0.0774 | 0.234* | 0.00967 | −0.108 | −0.00892 | −0.109 | −0.172* | −0.258* | 0.0336 |
(0.0547) | (0.139) | (0.112) | (0.0769) | (0.119) | (0.169) | (0.0782) | (0.167) | (0.127) | (0.101) | (0.147) | (0.203) | |
Age | −0.492 | −4.420 | −5.144 | −3.614 | 1.522 | 4.844 | −0.660 | 0.826 | 2.653 | 2.292 | −2.392 | −5.355 |
(1.631) | (4.022) | (3.639) | (2.475) | (2.557) | (4.777) | (2.012) | (4.440) | (3.937) | (2.821) | (3.214) | (5.448) | |
Age-squared | 0.248 | 2.152 | 2.632 | 1.800 | −0.722 | −2.315 | 0.139 | −0.694 | −1.480 | −1.233 | 0.965 | 2.424 |
(0.841) | (2.154) | (1.917) | (1.252) | (1.318) | (2.378) | (1.042) | (2.347) | (2.085) | (1.451) | (1.651) | (2.733) | |
Marriage | 0.118** | 0.225** | 0.241** | 0.220*** | 0.134 | −0.101 | 0.00214 | −0.137 | −0.177* | −0.0789 | 0.0932 | 0.238 |
(0.0554) | (0.107) | (0.0950) | (0.0794) | (0.0966) | (0.171) | (0.0659) | (0.107) | (0.108) | (0.0800) | (0.114) | (0.184) | |
High-skill blue-collarb | −0.00432 | 0.0115 | −0.00661 | −0.000288 | −0.0212 | −0.00235 | 0.00304 | 0.0125 | 0.00526 | 0.00248 | −0.00127 | −0.00797 |
(0.0110) | (0.0227) | (0.0183) | (0.0167) | (0.0139) | (0.0186) | (0.00694) | (0.0163) | (0.0129) | (0.00928) | (0.0113) | (0.0128) | |
Low-skill white-collar | −0.0481*** | −0.0760 | −0.149*** | 0.000212 | −0.0176 | −0.0352 | 0.0189 | 0.0720 | 0.0954** | −0.0338 | −0.0236 | 0.0290 |
(0.0170) | (0.0603) | (0.0425) | (0.0228) | (0.0346) | (0.0430) | (0.0260) | (0.0723) | (0.0483) | (0.0341) | (0.0477) | (0.0608) | |
High-skill white-collar | −0.219*** | −0.333 | −0.398*** | −0.108 | −0.250** | 0.0193 | 0.167* | 0.326 | 0.308* | 0.120 | 0.0850 | −0.158 |
(0.0604) | (0.211) | (0.130) | (0.0777) | (0.111) | (0.136) | (0.0952) | (0.264) | (0.167) | (0.111) | (0.140) | (0.190) | |
Miningc | 0.0102*** | 0.0126*** | 0.00747*** | 0.0107*** | 0.00745** | 0.0102* | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
(0.00204) | (0.00300) | (0.00205) | (0.00221) | (0.00329) | (0.00546) | (0) | (0) | (0) | (0) | (0) | (0) | |
Manufacturing | −0.00210 | 0.0126 | −0.0302 | 0.0150 | −0.0138 | 0.0122 | 0.0502*** | 0.112*** | 0.0747*** | 0.0305 | 0.0446* | 0.0106 |
(0.0121) | (0.0430) | (0.0211) | (0.0172) | (0.0166) | (0.0167) | (0.0148) | (0.0346) | (0.0236) | (0.0187) | (0.0236) | (0.0239) | |
Utilities | 0.0186*** | 0.0509*** | 0.0129 | 0.0182* | 0.00229 | 0.00908 | 0.000933 | 0.0170*** | 0.00961** | 0.000435 | −0.00354 | −0.00846 |
(0.00654) | (0.0181) | (0.00925) | (0.00950) | (0.00816) | (0.0107) | (0.00287) | (0.00564) | (0.00431) | (0.00345) | (0.00493) | (0.00824) | |
Construction | 0.0427*** | 0.0745*** | 0.0340*** | 0.0482*** | 0.0330*** | 0.0237* | 0.000160 | 0.00221*** | 0.00166*** | 0.000257 | 6.65e−05 | −0.00136 |
(0.00821) | (0.0203) | (0.0119) | (0.0111) | (0.00992) | (0.0129) | (0.000521) | (0.000704) | (0.000567) | (0.000484) | (0.000704) | (0.00152) | |
Trade | −0.0377** | −0.0779 | −0.0755** | −0.0118 | −0.0332 | 0.00397 | 0.0853*** | 0.187*** | 0.129*** | 0.0634* | 0.0702* | 0.00879 |
(0.0162) | (0.0542) | (0.0323) | (0.0213) | (0.0254) | (0.0340) | (0.0239) | (0.0593) | (0.0426) | (0.0326) | (0.0407) | (0.0451) | |
Hotels and restaurants | −0.0247*** | −0.0424*** | −0.0339*** | −0.0249*** | −0.0263** | −0.000341 | 0.0301*** | 0.0522*** | 0.0355*** | 0.0322*** | 0.0346** | 0.00452 |
(0.00488) | (0.0156) | (0.00970) | (0.00672) | (0.0123) | (0.0159) | (0.00777) | (0.0172) | (0.0120) | (0.00998) | (0.0163) | (0.0232) | |
Transport | 0.0182* | 0.0328 | −0.000949 | 0.0405*** | 0.0139 | 0.00844 | 0.0418*** | 0.0763*** | 0.0546*** | 0.0332*** | 0.0278* | 0.0222* |
(0.00942) | (0.0318) | (0.0158) | (0.0136) | (0.0114) | (0.0115) | (0.00941) | (0.0232) | (0.0163) | (0.0124) | (0.0166) | (0.0132) | |
Finance | −0.00576 | −0.00474 | −0.00880 | 0.000706 | −0.00737 | 0.000871 | 0.00922 | 0.0206 | 0.0147 | 0.00648 | 0.0102 | −0.00350 |
(0.00579) | (0.0153) | (0.00917) | (0.00531) | (0.00797) | (0.0125) | (0.00853) | (0.0191) | (0.0121) | (0.00814) | (0.0127) | (0.0195) | |
Real estate | −0.00815 | −0.0139 | −0.0279** | −0.00218 | −0.0133 | 0.00741 | 0.0348*** | 0.0828*** | 0.0524*** | 0.0283** | 0.0295* | −0.0111 |
(0.00654) | (0.0213) | (0.0135) | (0.00841) | (0.0133) | (0.0121) | (0.0105) | (0.0254) | (0.0180) | (0.0128) | (0.0175) | (0.0186) | |
Public adm and defense | 0.0121 | 0.0323 | −1.23e−05 | −0.00609 | −0.00704 | 0.0385 | 0.0571*** | 0.163*** | 0.0753* | 0.0186 | 0.0327 | 0.00977 |
(0.0173) | (0.0618) | (0.0335) | (0.0260) | (0.0225) | (0.0237) | (0.0216) | (0.0538) | (0.0407) | (0.0266) | (0.0307) | (0.0301) | |
Education | −0.128** | −0.453*** | −0.160 | −0.0422 | −0.0675 | 0.0189 | 0.210*** | 0.593*** | 0.172 | 0.0627 | 0.193* | 0.0488 |
(0.0516) | (0.170) | (0.114) | (0.0527) | (0.0715) | (0.0876) | (0.0768) | (0.195) | (0.138) | (0.0957) | (0.112) | (0.127) | |
Health and social work | −0.0486** | −0.139** | −0.0707 | −0.0365 | −0.00758 | 0.0103 | 0.103*** | 0.216*** | 0.123** | 0.0714* | 0.0593 | 0.0310 |
(0.0247) | (0.0656) | (0.0445) | (0.0263) | (0.0271) | (0.0267) | (0.0333) | (0.0759) | (0.0535) | (0.0409) | (0.0435) | (0.0485) | |
Culture | −0.0121 | −0.0374 | −0.0645*** | 0.000609 | −0.00318 | 0.00497 | 0.0365*** | 0.0936*** | 0.0819*** | 0.0207 | 0.0142 | 0.00192 |
(0.00878) | (0.0291) | (0.0187) | (0.0104) | (0.0118) | (0.0169) | (0.0131) | (0.0320) | (0.0234) | (0.0160) | (0.0203) | (0.0236) | |
Private households | −0.00859** | −0.0283** | −0.0305** | 0.00423 | 0.00300 | 0.00438 | 0.00795* | 0.0286** | 0.0321** | −0.00536 | −0.00379 | −0.00642 |
(0.00423) | (0.0140) | (0.0136) | (0.00391) | (0.00306) | (0.00337) | (0.00469) | (0.0144) | (0.0143) | (0.00544) | (0.00596) | (0.00645) | |
International org | 0.00497 | 0.00565* | 0.00153 | 0.00602*** | 0.00329 | 0.000102 | 0.00377** | 0.00357* | 0.00159 | 0.00146 | 0.00495*** | 0.00411 |
(0.00365) | (0.00324) | (0.00193) | (0.00177) | (0.00426) | (0.00893) | (0.00191) | (0.00188) | (0.00140) | (0.00144) | (0.00171) | (0.00498) | |
State | 0.109* | 0.0820 | −0.0726 | 0.0349 | 0.251* | 0.153 | −0.0419 | −0.286** | 0.120 | 0.107 | −0.0520 | 0.0798 |
(0.0634) | (0.115) | (0.156) | (0.0835) | (0.146) | (0.159) | (0.0783) | (0.141) | (0.175) | (0.0971) | (0.147) | (0.201) | |
Urban | 0.0574 | 0.146 | 0.128 | 0.0324 | −0.0359 | 0.0145 | 0.0218 | −0.0289 | 0.0235 | −0.00899 | 0.0897 | 0.0535 |
(0.0606) | (0.145) | (0.128) | (0.0977) | (0.0841) | (0.0873) | (0.0743) | (0.192) | (0.143) | (0.113) | (0.0924) | (0.108) | |
Tbilisi | −0.0321 | 0.0598 | 0.00196 | −0.0314 | −0.0501 | −0.0728 | 0.0618 | −0.0284 | 0.0882 | 0.143** | 0.0616 | 0.0345 |
(0.0389) | (0.0786) | (0.0721) | (0.0566) | (0.0792) | (0.0780) | (0.0476) | (0.0973) | (0.0818) | (0.0670) | (0.0824) | (0.0912) | |
Georgian | −0.0929 | 0.242 | −0.168 | −0.0815 | −0.183* | −0.125 | 0.0335 | −0.185 | 0.252 | 0.185 | 0.0258 | −0.148 |
(0.0808) | (0.241) | (0.199) | (0.122) | (0.0955) | (0.146) | (0.109) | (0.274) | (0.227) | (0.141) | (0.134) | (0.170) | |
21–40 hd | −0.131* | −0.131 | −0.188 | −0.0885 | −0.187** | −0.181* | 0.0265 | −0.163 | 0.0161 | 0.0435 | 0.176* | 0.127 |
(0.0717) | (0.220) | (0.196) | (0.111) | (0.0818) | (0.0932) | (0.105) | (0.265) | (0.219) | (0.149) | (0.105) | (0.122) | |
40+ h | 0.104*** | 0.0976 | 0.0761 | 0.144** | 0.0467 | 0.0240 | −0.0204 | −0.0305 | 0.0221 | −0.0151 | −0.0175 | 0.00120 |
(0.0374) | (0.138) | (0.0987) | (0.0572) | (0.0472) | (0.0736) | (0.0371) | (0.0925) | (0.0789) | (0.0534) | (0.0544) | (0.0683) | |
Seasonal hours | 0.0132** | 0.0202 | 0.0196* | 0.0131 | 0.00426 | −0.0118 | 0.00311 | 0.00366 | 0.00286 | 0.00305 | 0.00424 | 0.00780 |
(0.00584) | (0.0164) | (0.0111) | (0.00954) | (0.00800) | (0.00908) | (0.00270) | (0.00582) | (0.00464) | (0.00382) | (0.00445) | (0.00522) | |
Constant | 0.635 | 2.661 | 3.674* | 1.589 | −0.672 | −2.256 | 0.179 | −0.894 | −2.129 | −1.056 | 1.384 | 2.888 |
(0.798) | (1.897) | (1.876) | (1.241) | (1.227) | (2.241) | (1.004) | (2.152) | (1.988) | (1.401) | (1.573) | (2.520) | |
Residual | −0.00466 | −0.0171 | 0.0121 | 0.0159 | −0.0322 | −0.0143 | 0.00466 | 0.0181 | 0.00419 | 0.0093 | 0.0309 | −0.0109 |
(0.0306) | (0.0471) | (0.0451) | (0.0481) | (0.0556) | (0.0703) | (0.0374) | (0.0531) | (0.0574) | (0.0509) | (0.0539) | (0.0728) | |
Difference | 0.2009*** | 0.1622* | 0.2492*** | 0.1878*** | 0.2054** | 0.1823** | 0.4352*** | 0.2458** | 0.4440*** | 0.5054*** | 0.4877*** | 0.4474*** |
(0.0363) | (0.0887) | (0.0871) | (0.0597) | (0.1019) | (0.0817) | (0.0435) | (0.1064) | (0.0992) | (0.0714) | (0.1040) | (0.1139) | |
Total | 0.6361*** | 0.4080*** | 0.6931*** | 0.6931*** | 0.6931*** | 0.6297*** | ||||||
(0.0258) | (0.0758) | (0.0484) | (0.0491) | (0.0219) | (0.0922) |