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Table 3 Decomposition of the gender wage gap at selected quantiles, 2004

From: Two tales of contraction: gender wage gap in Georgia before and after the 2008 crisis

Variables

Composition

Structure

Mean

10th

25th

50th

75th

90th

Mean

10th

25th

50th

75th

90th

Vocationala

0.0278

0.0145

0.0104

0.0250

0.103*

0.0608

−0.0151

−0.0360

0.00596

−0.00163

−0.0819

−0.0260

(0.0195)

(0.0416)

(0.0343)

(0.0302)

(0.0544)

(0.0640)

(0.0261)

(0.0479)

(0.0432)

(0.0388)

(0.0602)

(0.0741)

Higher education

0.0100

−0.171

−0.0643

0.0774

0.234*

0.00967

−0.108

−0.00892

−0.109

−0.172*

−0.258*

0.0336

(0.0547)

(0.139)

(0.112)

(0.0769)

(0.119)

(0.169)

(0.0782)

(0.167)

(0.127)

(0.101)

(0.147)

(0.203)

Age

−0.492

−4.420

−5.144

−3.614

1.522

4.844

−0.660

0.826

2.653

2.292

−2.392

−5.355

(1.631)

(4.022)

(3.639)

(2.475)

(2.557)

(4.777)

(2.012)

(4.440)

(3.937)

(2.821)

(3.214)

(5.448)

Age-squared

0.248

2.152

2.632

1.800

−0.722

−2.315

0.139

−0.694

−1.480

−1.233

0.965

2.424

(0.841)

(2.154)

(1.917)

(1.252)

(1.318)

(2.378)

(1.042)

(2.347)

(2.085)

(1.451)

(1.651)

(2.733)

Marriage

0.118**

0.225**

0.241**

0.220***

0.134

−0.101

0.00214

−0.137

−0.177*

−0.0789

0.0932

0.238

(0.0554)

(0.107)

(0.0950)

(0.0794)

(0.0966)

(0.171)

(0.0659)

(0.107)

(0.108)

(0.0800)

(0.114)

(0.184)

High-skill blue-collarb

−0.00432

0.0115

−0.00661

−0.000288

−0.0212

−0.00235

0.00304

0.0125

0.00526

0.00248

−0.00127

−0.00797

(0.0110)

(0.0227)

(0.0183)

(0.0167)

(0.0139)

(0.0186)

(0.00694)

(0.0163)

(0.0129)

(0.00928)

(0.0113)

(0.0128)

Low-skill white-collar

−0.0481***

−0.0760

−0.149***

0.000212

−0.0176

−0.0352

0.0189

0.0720

0.0954**

−0.0338

−0.0236

0.0290

(0.0170)

(0.0603)

(0.0425)

(0.0228)

(0.0346)

(0.0430)

(0.0260)

(0.0723)

(0.0483)

(0.0341)

(0.0477)

(0.0608)

High-skill white-collar

−0.219***

−0.333

−0.398***

−0.108

−0.250**

0.0193

0.167*

0.326

0.308*

0.120

0.0850

−0.158

(0.0604)

(0.211)

(0.130)

(0.0777)

(0.111)

(0.136)

(0.0952)

(0.264)

(0.167)

(0.111)

(0.140)

(0.190)

Miningc

0.0102***

0.0126***

0.00747***

0.0107***

0.00745**

0.0102*

0

0

0

0

0

0

(0.00204)

(0.00300)

(0.00205)

(0.00221)

(0.00329)

(0.00546)

(0)

(0)

(0)

(0)

(0)

(0)

Manufacturing

−0.00210

0.0126

−0.0302

0.0150

−0.0138

0.0122

0.0502***

0.112***

0.0747***

0.0305

0.0446*

0.0106

(0.0121)

(0.0430)

(0.0211)

(0.0172)

(0.0166)

(0.0167)

(0.0148)

(0.0346)

(0.0236)

(0.0187)

(0.0236)

(0.0239)

Utilities

0.0186***

0.0509***

0.0129

0.0182*

0.00229

0.00908

0.000933

0.0170***

0.00961**

0.000435

−0.00354

−0.00846

(0.00654)

(0.0181)

(0.00925)

(0.00950)

(0.00816)

(0.0107)

(0.00287)

(0.00564)

(0.00431)

(0.00345)

(0.00493)

(0.00824)

Construction

0.0427***

0.0745***

0.0340***

0.0482***

0.0330***

0.0237*

0.000160

0.00221***

0.00166***

0.000257

6.65e−05

−0.00136

(0.00821)

(0.0203)

(0.0119)

(0.0111)

(0.00992)

(0.0129)

(0.000521)

(0.000704)

(0.000567)

(0.000484)

(0.000704)

(0.00152)

Trade

−0.0377**

−0.0779

−0.0755**

−0.0118

−0.0332

0.00397

0.0853***

0.187***

0.129***

0.0634*

0.0702*

0.00879

(0.0162)

(0.0542)

(0.0323)

(0.0213)

(0.0254)

(0.0340)

(0.0239)

(0.0593)

(0.0426)

(0.0326)

(0.0407)

(0.0451)

Hotels and restaurants

−0.0247***

−0.0424***

−0.0339***

−0.0249***

−0.0263**

−0.000341

0.0301***

0.0522***

0.0355***

0.0322***

0.0346**

0.00452

(0.00488)

(0.0156)

(0.00970)

(0.00672)

(0.0123)

(0.0159)

(0.00777)

(0.0172)

(0.0120)

(0.00998)

(0.0163)

(0.0232)

Transport

0.0182*

0.0328

−0.000949

0.0405***

0.0139

0.00844

0.0418***

0.0763***

0.0546***

0.0332***

0.0278*

0.0222*

(0.00942)

(0.0318)

(0.0158)

(0.0136)

(0.0114)

(0.0115)

(0.00941)

(0.0232)

(0.0163)

(0.0124)

(0.0166)

(0.0132)

Finance

−0.00576

−0.00474

−0.00880

0.000706

−0.00737

0.000871

0.00922

0.0206

0.0147

0.00648

0.0102

−0.00350

(0.00579)

(0.0153)

(0.00917)

(0.00531)

(0.00797)

(0.0125)

(0.00853)

(0.0191)

(0.0121)

(0.00814)

(0.0127)

(0.0195)

Real estate

−0.00815

−0.0139

−0.0279**

−0.00218

−0.0133

0.00741

0.0348***

0.0828***

0.0524***

0.0283**

0.0295*

−0.0111

(0.00654)

(0.0213)

(0.0135)

(0.00841)

(0.0133)

(0.0121)

(0.0105)

(0.0254)

(0.0180)

(0.0128)

(0.0175)

(0.0186)

Public adm and defense

0.0121

0.0323

−1.23e−05

−0.00609

−0.00704

0.0385

0.0571***

0.163***

0.0753*

0.0186

0.0327

0.00977

(0.0173)

(0.0618)

(0.0335)

(0.0260)

(0.0225)

(0.0237)

(0.0216)

(0.0538)

(0.0407)

(0.0266)

(0.0307)

(0.0301)

Education

−0.128**

−0.453***

−0.160

−0.0422

−0.0675

0.0189

0.210***

0.593***

0.172

0.0627

0.193*

0.0488

(0.0516)

(0.170)

(0.114)

(0.0527)

(0.0715)

(0.0876)

(0.0768)

(0.195)

(0.138)

(0.0957)

(0.112)

(0.127)

Health and social work

−0.0486**

−0.139**

−0.0707

−0.0365

−0.00758

0.0103

0.103***

0.216***

0.123**

0.0714*

0.0593

0.0310

(0.0247)

(0.0656)

(0.0445)

(0.0263)

(0.0271)

(0.0267)

(0.0333)

(0.0759)

(0.0535)

(0.0409)

(0.0435)

(0.0485)

Culture

−0.0121

−0.0374

−0.0645***

0.000609

−0.00318

0.00497

0.0365***

0.0936***

0.0819***

0.0207

0.0142

0.00192

(0.00878)

(0.0291)

(0.0187)

(0.0104)

(0.0118)

(0.0169)

(0.0131)

(0.0320)

(0.0234)

(0.0160)

(0.0203)

(0.0236)

Private households

−0.00859**

−0.0283**

−0.0305**

0.00423

0.00300

0.00438

0.00795*

0.0286**

0.0321**

−0.00536

−0.00379

−0.00642

(0.00423)

(0.0140)

(0.0136)

(0.00391)

(0.00306)

(0.00337)

(0.00469)

(0.0144)

(0.0143)

(0.00544)

(0.00596)

(0.00645)

International org

0.00497

0.00565*

0.00153

0.00602***

0.00329

0.000102

0.00377**

0.00357*

0.00159

0.00146

0.00495***

0.00411

(0.00365)

(0.00324)

(0.00193)

(0.00177)

(0.00426)

(0.00893)

(0.00191)

(0.00188)

(0.00140)

(0.00144)

(0.00171)

(0.00498)

State

0.109*

0.0820

−0.0726

0.0349

0.251*

0.153

−0.0419

−0.286**

0.120

0.107

−0.0520

0.0798

(0.0634)

(0.115)

(0.156)

(0.0835)

(0.146)

(0.159)

(0.0783)

(0.141)

(0.175)

(0.0971)

(0.147)

(0.201)

Urban

0.0574

0.146

0.128

0.0324

−0.0359

0.0145

0.0218

−0.0289

0.0235

−0.00899

0.0897

0.0535

(0.0606)

(0.145)

(0.128)

(0.0977)

(0.0841)

(0.0873)

(0.0743)

(0.192)

(0.143)

(0.113)

(0.0924)

(0.108)

Tbilisi

−0.0321

0.0598

0.00196

−0.0314

−0.0501

−0.0728

0.0618

−0.0284

0.0882

0.143**

0.0616

0.0345

(0.0389)

(0.0786)

(0.0721)

(0.0566)

(0.0792)

(0.0780)

(0.0476)

(0.0973)

(0.0818)

(0.0670)

(0.0824)

(0.0912)

Georgian

−0.0929

0.242

−0.168

−0.0815

−0.183*

−0.125

0.0335

−0.185

0.252

0.185

0.0258

−0.148

(0.0808)

(0.241)

(0.199)

(0.122)

(0.0955)

(0.146)

(0.109)

(0.274)

(0.227)

(0.141)

(0.134)

(0.170)

21–40 hd

−0.131*

−0.131

−0.188

−0.0885

−0.187**

−0.181*

0.0265

−0.163

0.0161

0.0435

0.176*

0.127

(0.0717)

(0.220)

(0.196)

(0.111)

(0.0818)

(0.0932)

(0.105)

(0.265)

(0.219)

(0.149)

(0.105)

(0.122)

40+ h

0.104***

0.0976

0.0761

0.144**

0.0467

0.0240

−0.0204

−0.0305

0.0221

−0.0151

−0.0175

0.00120

(0.0374)

(0.138)

(0.0987)

(0.0572)

(0.0472)

(0.0736)

(0.0371)

(0.0925)

(0.0789)

(0.0534)

(0.0544)

(0.0683)

Seasonal hours

0.0132**

0.0202

0.0196*

0.0131

0.00426

−0.0118

0.00311

0.00366

0.00286

0.00305

0.00424

0.00780

(0.00584)

(0.0164)

(0.0111)

(0.00954)

(0.00800)

(0.00908)

(0.00270)

(0.00582)

(0.00464)

(0.00382)

(0.00445)

(0.00522)

Constant

0.635

2.661

3.674*

1.589

−0.672

−2.256

0.179

−0.894

−2.129

−1.056

1.384

2.888

(0.798)

(1.897)

(1.876)

(1.241)

(1.227)

(2.241)

(1.004)

(2.152)

(1.988)

(1.401)

(1.573)

(2.520)

Residual

−0.00466

−0.0171

0.0121

0.0159

−0.0322

−0.0143

0.00466

0.0181

0.00419

0.0093

0.0309

−0.0109

(0.0306)

(0.0471)

(0.0451)

(0.0481)

(0.0556)

(0.0703)

(0.0374)

(0.0531)

(0.0574)

(0.0509)

(0.0539)

(0.0728)

Difference

0.2009***

0.1622*

0.2492***

0.1878***

0.2054**

0.1823**

0.4352***

0.2458**

0.4440***

0.5054***

0.4877***

0.4474***

(0.0363)

(0.0887)

(0.0871)

(0.0597)

(0.1019)

(0.0817)

(0.0435)

(0.1064)

(0.0992)

(0.0714)

(0.1040)

(0.1139)

Total

0.6361***

0.4080***

0.6931***

0.6931***

0.6931***

0.6297***

      

(0.0258)

(0.0758)

(0.0484)

(0.0491)

(0.0219)

(0.0922)

      
  1. Notes: bootstrapped standard errors (200 replications, clustered by household); quarterly dummy variables included, but not reported; coefficient sums do not add up to the totals because quarterly dummies are omitted
  2. Source: GHBS data
  3. *p < 0.1; **p < 0.05; ***p < 0.01
  4. aSecondary education or below is the reference group
  5. bLow-skill blue-collar occupations are the reference group
  6. cAgriculture is the reference group
  7. d20 h or less is the reference group