Moving out of the bottom of the economy? Constraints to firm transition in the Indian informal manufacturing sector

IZA Journal of Labor & Development

Table 2 Type-wise characteristics of firms (mean values), 2000–2001 to 2010–2011

Variable	PHE	MHE	NHE
Number of firms (%)	42,144,550 (85.8)	5,097,809 (10.4)	1,880,768 (3.8)
Finance
CAPSHOR	0.323683	0.343872	0.293587
Firm capabilities
LINKAGE	0.287184	0.195093	0.255651
ASSISTANCE	0.004187	0.004479	0.009014
ACMAINT	0.017898	0.108886	0.300479
REGIS	0.055622	0.396536	0.552625
Locational variables
LOCATION	0.283207	0.607179	0.605701
URBAN	0.294591	0.407482	0.491078
TRANSPORT	0.811359	0.865495	0.905439
DISTANCE	259.8309	228.0022	213.8350
Infrastructure and human capital variables
ELEC	0.163424	0.280594	0.302623
SHSCSTPOP	0.245985	0.214567	0.201067
PRIMEDU	0.298373	0.294592	0.300239
MIDGRADEDU	0.236657	0.283031	0.301347
ROADVILG	0.649164	0.741838	0.783849
Other control variables
STATUS	0.198716	0.276805	0.323804

^aPHEs are pure household enterprises (PHEs) employing only family labour; mixed household enterprises (MHEs) are enterprises that employ at least one hired labour on a regular basis, but the total number of workers (including family labour) do not exceed five; and non-household enterprises (NHEs) are those employing 6–9 workers of which at least one would be a hired worker
^bOther variables are as defined in the notes to Table 1
Source: same as in Table 1