Female labor force participation and child education in India: evidence from the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme

IZA Journal of Labor & Development

Table 11 Effect of mother’s NREGS income as a share of total household income, and mother’s number of days worked, on child’s time spent in school and enrolment

Variable	Time spent in school	Enrolment	Time spent in school	Enrolment
Variable	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
Share of mother’s NREGS income in total income of household	24.501***	2.244***
	(6.160)	(0.684)
Number of days mother worked			0.044***	0.003**
			(0.011)	(0.001)
Other control variables	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Child fixed effects	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Observations	6374	6374	6546	6546
Number of children	3187	3187	3273	3273
Weak identification stat (Kleibergen-Paap rk Wald F)	9.973	9.973	4.131	4.131
Stock-Yogo weak identification test critical values	8.18 (15 %)	8.18 (15 %)	5.45 (25 %)	5.45 (25 %)
Over-identification stat (Hansen J)	3.166	0.00005	0.572	5.001
Over-identification p value	0.0752	0.994	0.449	0.0253

Notes: Robust standard errors clustered at the child level in parentheses. Significant at *10, **5, and ***1 %. Additional control variables included are as follows: household income, time interacted with age dummies, time interacted with gender, household size, number of males in the age group 16–60, average age of household members, land owned by household in 2007 interacted with time, household’s asset (index) in 2007 interacted with time, time trends depending on whether the district is a NREGS phase 1 district, mandal level total night lights in 2006, and baseline enrolment rate in the district. The same set of instruments (lagged rainfall shock, lagged amount fund sanctioned in NREGS, and their interaction) is used for annual household income and mother’s working status