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Table 10 Robustness checks for the effect of mother’s work status on child’s school enrolment (2SLS-FE)

From: Female labor force participation and child education in India: evidence from the National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme

Variable

Enrolment

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

(9)

Mother is working

0.642***

0.399***

0.471***

0.452***

0.455***

0.437***

0.494***

0.472***

0.471***

 

(0.166)

(0.146)

(0.139)

(0.135)

(0.137)

(0.136)

(0.151)

(0.130)

(0.138)

Number of schools in the mandal

 

Yes

       

Father is working

  

Yes

      

Asset quartiles

   

Yes

     

Number of household members who migrated

    

Yes

    

Maximum daily male wage rate in the community

     

Yes

   

Maximum daily female wage rate in the community

      

Yes

  

Number of NREGS social audits in mandal × time

       

Yes

 

Number of household members aged above 60 years

        

Yes

Other control variables

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Child fixed effects

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Observations

6550

6550

6550

6550

6550

6182

6182

6550

6550

Number of children

3275

3275

3275

3275

3275

3091

3091

3275

3275

Weak identification stat (Kleibergen-Paap rk Wald F)

7.750

4.361

7.733

7.913

7.758

6.736

6.501

7.025

7.778

Stock-Yogo weak identification test critical values

6.40 (20 %)

5.45 (25 %)

6.40 (20 %)

6.40 (20 %)

6.40 (20 %)

6.40 (20 %)

6.40 (20 %)

6.40 (20 %)

6.40 (20 %)

Over-identification stat (Hansen J)

1.749

2.624

1.452

1.660

1.423

2.318

1.301

1.441

1.448

Over-identification p value

0.186

0.105

0.228

0.198

0.233

0.128

0.254

0.230

0.229

  1. Notes: Robust standard errors clustered at the child level in parentheses. Significant at *10, **5, and ***1 %. Additional control variables included are as follows: household income, time interacted with age dummies, time interacted with gender, household size, number of males in the age group 16–60, average age of household members, land owned by household in 2007 interacted with time, household’s asset (index) in 2007 interacted with time, time trends depending on whether the district is a NREGS phase 1 district, mandal level total night lights in 2006, and baseline enrolment rate in the district. The same set of instruments (lagged rainfall shock, lagged amount fund sanctioned in NREGS, and their interaction) is used for annual household income and mother’s working status