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IZA Journal of Labor & Development

Table 7 Means and standard deviations of monthly earnings and explanatory variables by formality status using three alternative informality measures: october 2009

From: Bound to lose, bound to win? The financial crisis and the informal-formal sector earnings gap in Serbia

 

(1) Formally registered?

(2) Has labor contract?

(3) Receives pension benefits?

 

Yes

No

Yes

No

Yes

No

Ln Monthly earnings

10.079

9.437

10.096

9.572

10.093

9.637

 

[0.501]

[0.693]

[0.493]

[0.605]

[0.501]

[0.552]

Informality measure:

      

Unregistered firm

0.000

1.000

0.006

0.315

0.009

0.254

 

[0.000]

[0.000]

[0.076]

[0.466]

[0.094]

[0.437]

No labor contract

0.043

0.781

0.000

1

0.013

0.762

 

[0.203]

[0.417]

[0.000]

[0.000]

[0.113]

[0.427]

No benefits

0.049

0.663

0.016

0.802

0.000

1.000

 

[0.216]

[0.476]

[0.127]

[0.399]

[0.000]

[0.000]

Age cohort:

      

15–24

0.064

0.112

0.058

0.179

0.056

0.202

 

[0.245]

[0.317]

[0.233]

[0.385]

[0.229]

[0.403]

25–34

0.235

0.134

0.229

0.302

0.23

0.275

 

[0.424]

[0.343]

[0.420]

[0.460]

[0.421]

[0.448]

35–44

0.266

0.318

0.27

0.235

0.271

0.216

 

[0.442]

[0.469]

[0.444]

[0.425]

[0.445]

[0.413]

45–54

0.28

0.308

0.288

0.18

0.289

0.171

 

[0.449]

[0.465]

[0.453]

[0.386]

[0.453]

[0.377]

55–64

0.15

0.112

0.153

0.092

0.151

0.12

 

[0.357]

[0.317]

[0.360]

[0.291]

[0.358]

[0.326]

65+

0.004

0.017

0.004

0.011

0.003

0.017

 

[0.063]

[0.129]

[0.062]

[0.105]

[0.058]

[0.129]

Educational attainment:

      

Primary or less

0.125

0.371

0.113

0.399

0.114

0.371

 

[0.330]

[0.487]

[0.317]

[0.491]

[0.318]

[0.484]

Secondary

0.668

0.563

0.671

0.583

0.671

0.584

 

[0.471]

[0.500]

[0.470]

[0.495]

[0.470]

[0.494]

Tertiary

0.207

0.066

0.216

0.018

0.215

0.045

 

[0.405]

[0.250]

[0.411]

[0.132]

[0.411]

[0.209]

Part-time

0.013

0.297

0.01

0.183

0.01

0.167

 

[0.114]

[0.460]

[0.097]

[0.388]

[0.100]

[0.374]

Industry:

      

Agriculture

0.036

0.313

0.033

0.194

0.032

0.203

 

[0.186]

[0.467]

[0.179]

[0.396]

[0.175]

[0.403]

Man/Min/Electricity

0.346

0.163

0.354

0.137

0.35

0.206

 

[0.476]

[0.372]

[0.478]

[0.345]

[0.477]

[0.405]

Construction

0.08

0.315

0.072

0.301

0.075

0.251

 

[0.272]

[0.468]

[0.258]

[0.460]

[0.263]

[0.435]

Trade/Services

0.13

0.048

0.129

0.121

0.129

0.118

 

[0.337]

[0.216]

[0.335]

[0.327]

[0.335]

[0.323]

Hotels/Restaurants

0.028

0

0.026

0.054

0.026

0.047

 

[0.165]

[0.000]

[0.158]

[0.226]

[0.159]

[0.211]

Transports

0.109

0.015

0.111

0.043

0.112

0.035

 

[0.312]

[0.123]

[0.314]

[0.203]

[0.315]

[0.185]

Finance/Real estate

0.049

0.043

0.051

0.025

0.049

0.047

 

[0.217]

[0.204]

[0.220]

[0.157]

[0.217]

[0.213]

Public sector

0.168

0

0.174

0.004

0.174

0.015

 

[0.374]

[0.000]

[0.379]

[0.066]

[0.379]

[0.124]

Other

0.054

0.103

0.051

0.122

0.053

0.078

 

[0.225]

[0.306]

[0.219]

[0.328]

[0.225]

[0.269]

Occupation:

      

Legislators

0.044

0.000

0.046

0.000

0.045

0.006

 

[0.205]

[0.000]

[0.209]

[0.000]

[0.208]

[0.077]

Professionals

0.115

0.057

0.121

0.000

0.12

0.017

 

[0.319]

[0.233]

[0.326]

[0.000]

[0.326]

[0.129]

Technicians

0.145

0.067

0.146

0.088

0.148

0.067

 

[0.352]

[0.251]

[0.353]

[0.285]

[0.355]

[0.251]

Clerks

0.073

0.021

0.073

0.061

0.074

0.044

 

[0.261]

[0.145]

[0.260]

[0.240]

[0.262]

[0.205]

Service

0.131

0.012

0.129

0.115

0.128

0.126

 

[0.337]

[0.109]

[0.335]

[0.320]

[0.334]

[0.333]

Skilled agriculture & fishery

0.008

0.12

0.007

0.067

0.006

0.077

 

[0.090]

[0.328]

[0.084]

[0.251]

[0.079]

[0.268]

Craft & trade

0.241

0.361

0.24

0.307

0.238

0.33

 

[0.428]

[0.484]

[0.427]

[0.463]

[0.426]

[0.471]

Plant/machine operators

0.159

0.045

0.162

0.065

0.162

0.065

 

[0.366]

[0.210]

[0.369]

[0.247]

[0.369]

[0.247]

Elementary occupations

0.084

0.317

0.076

0.296

0.077

0.269

 

[0.277]

[0.469]

[0.266]

[0.458]

[0.267]

[0.445]

Firm Size:

      

Firm size 1–5

0.223

0.589

0.216

0.481

0.215

0.482

 

[0.417]

[0.496]

[0.412]

[0.501]

[0.411]

[0.501]

Firm size 6–19

0.282

0.229

0.28

0.3

0.283

0.249

 

[0.450]

[0.424]

[0.449]

[0.459]

[0.451]

[0.434]

Firm size 20–99

0.245

0.038

0.25

0.078

0.25

0.092

 

[0.430]

[0.192]

[0.433]

[0.269]

[0.433]

[0.289]

Firm size 100+

0.177

0.01

0.183

0.02

0.181

0.06

 

[0.382]

[0.102]

[0.387]

[0.141]

[0.385]

[0.238]

Firm size not sure: 10 or less

0.018

0.104

0.016

0.09

0.017

0.069

 

[0.134]

[0.307]

[0.125]

[0.287]

[0.129]

[0.255]

Firm size not sure: 11 or more

0.054

0.03

0.055

0.031

0.054

0.048

 

[0.227]

[0.173]

[0.228]

[0.175]

[0.226]

[0.215]

Geographical location:

      

Urban

0.624

0.411

0.629

0.457

0.629

0.462

 

[0.485]

[0.496]

[0.483]

[0.500]

[0.483]

[0.500]

Central Serbia

0.49

0.504

0.492

0.475

0.495

0.433

 

[0.500]

[0.504]

[0.500]

[0.501]

[0.500]

[0.497]

Belgrade

0.251

0.179

0.256

0.149

0.256

0.156

 

[0.434]

[0.386]

[0.436]

[0.357]

[0.436]

[0.364]

Vojvodina

0.259

0.317

0.252

0.376

0.25

0.411

 

[0.438]

[0.469]

[0.435]

[0.486]

[0.433]

[0.494]

N

2,510

67

2,411

166

2,403

174

  1. Notes: Estimations incorporate sampling weights. Values in brackets are robust Huber-White (Huber 1967; White 1980) standard errors
  2. Source: Serbia Labor Force Survey (October 2009)
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