Table 4 Determinants of training incidence (MENA and Non-MENA samples – marginal effects)

Mean obstacle labor

−0.00453

−0.00554

−0.0272**

−0.0102

−0.0838***

0.0116

0.00873

0.00179

(0.0138)

(0.0137)

(0.0113)

(0.0145)

(0.0109)

(0.00995)

(0.0101)

(0.0108)

Obstacle informal low

0.0512***

x Mean obstacle labor

(0.00780)

Textiles

0.0535**

0.0234***

x Mean obstacle labor

(0.0250)

(0.00873)

Finance working capital internal

0.000986***

0.000161***

x Mean Obstacle labor

(0.000251)

(4.95e-05)

Obstacle informal low

0.0302***

−0.0345**

(0.00647)

(0.0144)

Mean management time

0.00428

0.00423

0.00413

0.00436

0.00433

−0.000371

−0.000324

−0.000366

(0.00317)

(0.00324)

(0.00321)

(0.00312)

(0.00316)

(0.000511)

(0.000514)

(0.000511)

Mean log (Inspections tax)

0.0894

0.0908

0.0818

0.114

0.0837

0.0398

0.0549**

0.0393

(0.129)

(0.131)

(0.129)

(0.123)

(0.130)

(0.0260)

(0.0274)

(0.0260)

Total tax rate

−0.00105

−0.00110

−0.000846

−0.00147

−0.000959

−0.000484

−0.00078**

−0.000476

x Mean log (Inspections tax)

(0.00219)

(0.00224)

(0.00221)

(0.00209)

(0.00219)

(0.000361)

(0.000374)

(0.000359)

Sales growth > 50

0.0327*

0.0361*

0.0381**

0.0332*

0.0353*

0.0138**

0.0144**

0.0137**

(0.0188)

(0.0189)

(0.0179)

(0.0190)

(0.0186)

(0.00604)

(0.00604)

(0.00603)

Sales Growth < −20

0.0333**

0.0271

0.0283

0.0332**

0.0327*

−0.0125*

−0.0129*

−0.0125*

(0.0166)

(0.0173)

(0.0177)

(0.0164)

(0.0167)

(0.00670)

(0.00680)

(0.00668)

Finance working capital internal

−0.00039***

−0.00040***

−0.00040***

−0.00039***

−0.0016***

−0.00012**

−0.00011*

−0.00033***

(0.000117)

(0.000125)

(0.000120)

(0.000117)

(0.000301)

(5.82e-05)

(5.84e-05)

(0.000108)

Water out

−0.0456*

−0.0425

−0.0439*

−0.0461*

−0.0442*

−0.0336***

−0.0340***

−0.0338***

(0.0242)

(0.0264)

(0.0260)

(0.0241)

(0.0239)

(0.0126)

(0.0126)

(0.0126)

Power out

0.0101

0.00953

0.0101

0.0105

0.0114

0.0305***

0.0307***

0.0304***

(0.0375)

(0.0397)

(0.0393)

(0.0376)

(0.0370)

(0.00749)

(0.00759)

(0.00748)

Log (Size)

0.0336***

0.0334***

0.0331***

0.0332***

0.0340***

0.0413***

0.0418***

0.0413***

(0.0100)

(0.0107)

(0.0108)

(0.00988)

(0.00999)

(0.00263)

(0.00263)

(0.00262)

Capital city

0.0224**

0.0285***

0.0291***

0.0242**

0.0200*

−0.00456

−0.00437

−0.00435

(0.0114)

(0.0109)

(0.0103)

(0.0110)

(0.0104)

(0.00815)

(0.00806)

(0.00817)

Multi-plant

0.0651***

0.0676***

0.0669***

0.0647***

0.0653***

0.0165**

0.0167**

0.0164**

(0.0123)

(0.0130)

(0.0130)

(0.0121)

(0.0121)

(0.00731)

(0.00737)

(0.00729)

Percent foreign

0.000962***

0.000867***

0.000864***

0.000970***

0.000972***

9.01e-05

8.03e-05

8.92e-05

(0.000188)

(0.000156)

(0.000162)

(0.000192)

(0.000188)

(7.29e-05)

(7.37e-05)

(7.32e-05)

Percent government

−0.000271

−0.000251

−0.000234

−0.000277

−0.000296

0.000436

0.000444

0.000423

(0.000473)

(0.000484)

(0.000483)

(0.000475)

(0.000449)

(0.000301)

(0.000302)

(0.000303)

Quality certificate

0.0871***

0.0810***

0.0813***

0.0867***

0.0880***

0.0753***

0.0763***

0.0754***

(0.00895)

(0.00844)

(0.00888)

(0.00897)

(0.00862)

(0.00699)

(0.00710)

(0.00698)

Crime

−0.00120**

−0.00122**

−0.00123**

−0.00120**

−0.00131**

0.000159

0.000180

0.000137

(0.000556)

(0.000579)

(0.000566)

(0.000548)

(0.000578)

(0.000733)

(0.000742)

(0.000735)

Sole Owner

−0.0112

−0.0100

−0.00860

−0.0130

−0.0108

−0.0177***

−0.0168**

−0.0175***

(0.0202)

(0.0211)

(0.0210)

(0.0196)

(0.0196)

(0.00671)

(0.00675)

(0.00668)

Partner

−0.00132

0.00159

0.00331

−0.00354

−0.000173

−0.0258**

−0.0271**

−0.0257**

(0.0210)

(0.0218)

(0.0216)

(0.0195)

(0.0208)

(0.0129)

(0.0131)

(0.0129)

Log (Age)

−0.0281***

−0.0286***

−0.0274***

−0.0288***

−0.0270***

0.00183

0.00156

0.00185

(0.00563)

(0.00544)

(0.00531)

(0.00557)

(0.00521)

(0.00349)

(0.00351)

(0.00346)

Email

0.0370**

0.0374**

0.0378**

0.0371**

0.0376**

0.0565***

0.0562***

0.0560***

(0.0161)

(0.0165)

(0.0159)

(0.0157)

(0.0156)

(0.00797)

(0.00807)

(0.00801)

Website

0.0332*

0.0342

0.0347

0.0332

0.0327

0.0327***

0.0327***

0.0328***

(0.0202)

(0.0217)

(0.0217)

(0.0205)

(0.0204)

(0.00690)

(0.00696)

(0.00691)

Log (Manager Experience)

0.0277***

0.0282***

0.0278***

0.0278***

0.0277***

0.0123**

0.0121**

0.0122**

(0.00928)

(0.00946)

(0.00970)

(0.00939)

(0.00944)

(0.00484)

(0.00487)

(0.00483)

Log (Sales Export)

0.00133

0.00126

0.00101

0.00108

0.00121

0.0131***

0.0129***

0.0131***

(0.00447)

(0.00477)

(0.00467)

(0.00439)

(0.00438)

(0.00222)

(0.00218)

(0.00221)

Female Owner

0.00477

0.00427

0.00409

0.00354

0.00546

0.0131**

0.0131**

0.0129**

(0.0268)

(0.0276)

(0.0273)

(0.0263)

(0.0269)

(0.00542)

(0.00543)

(0.00543)

Gift Officer

0.00311

0.00313

0.00308

0.00313

0.00311

0.000767*

0.000804*

0.000747*

(0.00228)

(0.00238)

(0.00232)

(0.00227)

(0.00230)

(0.000438)

(0.000446)

(0.000441)

Obstacle Education2

0.0180

0.0211

0.0213

0.0174

0.0171

0.0283***

0.0283***

0.0282***

(0.0243)

(0.0257)

(0.0254)

(0.0235)

(0.0240)

(0.00361)

(0.00364)

(0.00359)

Log (Education Spending)

1.221*

1.177

1.251*

1.231*

1.254*

−0.187***

−0.193***

−0.186***

(0.705)

(0.734)

(0.711)

(0.715)

(0.673)

(0.0409)

(0.0420)

(0.0409)

Country & industry effects

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Clustering

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Pseudo R²

0.206

0.210

0.211

0.207

0.208

0.342

0.342

0.342

Observations

3,325

3,270

3,270

3,325

3,325

40,590

40,260

40,590