Table 3 Definition of variables
From: Under-provision of private training by MENA firms: what to Do about It?
Variable | Definition |
|---|---|
GDP per capita | GDP per capita, PPP (constant 2005 international $) |
IndexH | Index of labor law rigidity to hiring |
IndexF | Index of labor law rigidity to firing |
IndexO | Overall index of labor law rigidity |
Total tax rate | Total tax rates (Doing Business Database) |
Rule of law | Index for the quality of Legal System and Property Rights (Economic Freedom of the World) |
Education spending | Public expenditure on education as a percentage of GDP |
Capital city (Dummy) | Location in capital city |
Industry (Dummy) | Type of industry |
Textiles (Dummy) | Textile industry |
Garments (Dummy) | Garment industry |
Textiles and Garments (Dummy) | Textile and/or garment industry |
Food (Dummy) | Food industry |
Other manufacture (Dummy) | Other manufacturing industry |
Multi-Plant (Dummy) | Multi-plant firm |
Sole owner (Dummy) | Sole proprietorship |
Partner (Dummy) | Partnership |
Percent private | Percentage of the firm owned by private domestic individuals, companies or organizations |
Percent foreign | Percentage of the firm owned by private foreign individuals, companies or organizations |
Percent government | Percentage of the firm owned by government/state |
Age | Number of years since the establishment began operations in the country |
Quality certificate (Dummy) | Possession of internationally-recognized quality certification |
Sales export | Percentage of total sales exported |
Email (Dummy) | Firm uses email in communications with clients or suppliers |
Gift officer | Percent of annual sales paid as a gift or an informal payment |
Manager experience | Manager’s experience in sector |
Crime | Losses due to theft, robbery, vandalism or arson |
Management time | Percentage of senior management's time spent in dealing with regulations |
Inspections tax | Number of times inspected by or met with tax officials |
Size | Total number of full-time permanent and seasonal/temporary workers |
Average labor change | Average annual percentage change in the total number of full-time employees |
Female owner (Dummy) | Female owner |
Relative labor productivity | Sales per worker relative to the country and industry average |
Finance working capital internal | Percent of working capital financed using internal funds or retained earnings |
Water out (Dummy) | Incidence of water outages |
Power out (Dummy) | Incidence of power outages |
Sales growth > 50 (Dummy) | Sales growth rate greater than fifty percent |
Sales growth < −20 (Dummy) | Sales growth rate less than negative twenty percent |
Training (Dummy) | Incidence of training |
Obstacles: | Severity of the obstacle: No Obstacle (0), Minor Obstacle (1), Moderate obstacle (2), Major Obstacle (3), or Very Severe Obstacle (4) |
Obstacle labor | Labor regulations |
Obstacle education | Inadequately educated workforce |
Obstacle informal | Practices of competitors in the informal sector |
Obstacle education2 (Dummy) | Skills and education of available workers |
Obstacle labor2 (Dummy) | Labor regulations |