Under-provision of private training by MENA firms: what to Do about It?

Liaqat, Zara; Nugent, Jeffrey B.

doi:10.1186/s40175-015-0034-6

IZA Journal of Labor & Development

Table 2 Descriptive statistics for MENA and Non-MENA countries

From: Under-provision of private training by MENA firms: what to Do about It?

Variable	Obs.	Mean	SD	Obs.	Mean	SD	Min	Max	Difference
		MENA		Non-MENA
Year	3778	2008.4	1.55	41854	2008.2	2.06	2006	2012	−0.2***
GDP per capita	3778	4791.8	1424.3	37043	7351.03	4829.9	284.2	23167.8	2559.2***
Total tax rate	3778	47.4	14.03	41854	54.55	37.42	16.5	287.1	7.2***
Rule of Law	3778	4.3	1.8	40871	4.92	1.08	1	8.39	0.63***
IndexH	3778	17.2	20.1	41854	44.23	26.07	0	100	27.04***
IndexF	3778	46.2	16.4	41854	29.46	23.64	0	70	−16.70***
IndexO	3778	28.9	5.16	41854	29.97	14.95	4	66	1.07***
Education spending	3778	4.9	2.11	41697	4.07	1.41	1.1	10.7	−0.82***
Capital city	3778	0.26	0.44	41854	0.38	0.49	0	1	0.12***
Textiles	3778	0.09	0.29	41524	0.05	0.22	0	1	−0.04***
Garments	3778	0.10	0.30	41854	0.09	0.28	0	1	−0.02***
Textiles and garments	3778	0.196	0.397	41854	0.14	0.35	0	1	−0.06***
Food	3778	0.096	0.29	41854	0.13	0.34	0	1	0.03***
Other manufacture	3778	0.54	0.50	41854	0.35	0.48	0	1	−0.19***
Multi-plant	3778	0.20	0.40	41854	0.15	0.39	0	1	−0.05***
Sole owner	3778	0.43	0.50	41854	0.27	0.45	0	1	−0.16***
Partner	3778	0.14	0.35	41854	0.06	0.24	0	1	−0.08***
Percent private	3774	93.80	23.16	41144	90.11	28.14	0	100	−3.7***
Percent foreign	3778	1.88	12.05	41854	8.88	26.82	0	100	6.9***
Percent government	3778	2.39	14.41	41854	0.31	4.65	0	100	−2.08***
Age	3778	19.82	16.35	41854	19.69	18.61	0	340	−0.13
Quality certificate	3778	0.16	0.36	41854	0.20	0.40	0	1	0.05***
Sales export	3778	7.50	20.81	41854	8.42	22.74	0	100	0.9*
Website	3778	0.30	0.46	41854	0.43	0.50	0	1	0.1***
Email	3778	0.42	0.49	41854	0.72	0.45	0	1	0.3***
Gift officer	3778	1.88	6.67	41854	0.98	4.19	0	100	−0.9***
Manager experience	3778	14.96	11.18	41854	17.76	11.74	0	75	2.8***
Crime	3778	0.98	7.98	41854	0.58	3.28	0	100	−0.40***
Management time	3778	9.49	18.22	41854	11.96	17.95	0	100	2.5***
Inspections tax	3019	3.89	7.12	24192	3.58	5.56	0	100	−0.31**
Total tax ratex mean log (Inspect. tax)	3778	63.95	25.08	41854	68.27	62.96	0	924.14	4.3***
Size	3778	193.04	802.97	41854	111.58	517.48	0	27802	−81.5***
Average labor change	3568	15.17	58.77	38503	45.37	175.94	−96.0	11064.3	30.2***
Female owner	3778	0.18	0.38	41854	0.32	0.47	0	1	0.15***
Relative labor productivity	3711	2.05	20.70	41816	1.01	6.77	0	803.0	−1.04***
Finance WC internal	3778	83.57	28.91	41854	65.43	36.29	0	100	−18.1***
Water out	3778	0.77	0.42	41854	0.92	0.28	0	1	0.15***
Power out	3778	0.739	0.44	41854	0.59	0.49	0	1	−0.15***
Sales Growth > 50	3778	0.048	0.21	41854	0.24	0.43	0	1	0.19***
Sales growth < −20	3778	0.24	0.43	41854	0.09	0.29	0	1	−0.15***
Training	3778	0.15	0.36	41854	0.24	0.42	0	1	0.08***
Obstacle labor	3732	1.30	1.4	41693	1.09	1.22	0	4	−0.21***
Obstacle education	3778	1.79	1.6	41854	1.43	1.32	0	4	−0.36***
Obstacle informal	3606	2.35	1.57	40540	1.68	1.42	0	5	−0.68***
Obstacle informal low	3778	0.31	0.46	41854	0.46	0.50	0	1	0.16***
Obstacle education2	3778	0.38	0.49	41854	0.25	0.43	0	1	−0.14***
Obstacle Labor2	3732	0.23	0.42	41693	0.15	0.36	0	1	−0.081***

Source: Author's calculations based on the Enterprise Surveys (World Bank). The enforcement measure Obstacle Informal Low was generated using firm's response to the question about perceived severity of anti-competitive or informal practices coded as Obstacle Informal. Obstacle Informal Low is, therefore, a dummy variable equal to one if Obstacle Informal is either 0 or 1 on a four-point scale from 0 to 4 (i.e., no or minor obstacle), and zero otherwise. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001

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