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Table 5 Correlates of job growth, job creation and job destruction among basic firm-level features and overall business climate traits, East Asia Pacific average over the last 3 years (model 3)

From: Creating and destroying jobs across East Asia Pacific: a country-level analysis on wages, exports, finance, regulation and infrastructure

 

East Asia Pacific without China

East Asia Pacific with China

Dependent variable:

Job growth rate, annual

Job creation

Job destruction

Job growth rate, annual

Job creation

Job destruction

(%)

(1 or 0)

(1 or 0)

(%)

(1 or 0)

(1 or 0)

Coef.

tstat

Coef.

tstat

Coef.

tstat

Coef.

tstat

Coef.

tstat

Coef.

tstat

Basic firm-level traits

            

Initial firm size, <=5 emp. (ref. 31+)

0.517***

110.4

0.656***

135.4

−0.557***

−121.6

0.389***

204.3

0.453***

149.3

−0.358***

−160.4

Initial firm size, 6–15 emp.

0.151***

35.0

0.083***

18.6

−0.203***

−48.0

0.061***

43.4

−0.021***

−9.4

−0.087***

−52.2

Initial firm size, 16–30 emp.

0.067***

12.7

−0.022***

−4.0

−0.062***

−12.0

0.013***

7.6

−0.062***

−22.0

−0.018***

−8.6

Firms <10 years old (ref. >=20)

−0.034***

−10.4

0.119***

35.1

0.036***

11.3

0.017***

11.6

0.179***

76.7

−0.044***

−25.9

Firms 10–19 years old

0.004

1.1

0.021***

6.2

0.036***

11.5

0.025***

17.9

0.199***

87.7

−0.032***

−19.2

City w/ 1 mil. or capital (ref. small city)

0.005**

2.0

−0.124***

−47.8

0.053***

21.7

0.015***

9.3

−0.120***

−47.3

0.056***

30.1

Manufacturing (ref. other sectors)

−0.031***

−4.1

−0.057***

−7.4

0.072***

9.8

0.045***

16.2

0.164***

36.5

−0.172***

−52.3

Services

−0.068***

−8.9

−0.084***

−10.6

−0.020***

−2.7

0.032***

11.3

0.170***

37.7

−0.174***

−52.5

Formally registered when opened

0.023***

6.9

0.029***

8.4

0.003

1.0

0.003**

2.1

−0.042***

−18.0

−0.032***

−18.6

Sole proprietorship

−0.174***

−50.1

−0.029***

−8.1

−0.070***

−20.8

−0.038***

−34.1

−0.053***

−29.2

−0.039***

−29.7

Firm is foreign owned, partly or fully

0.056***

7.6

0.237***

31.3

−0.070***

−9.7

0.017***

7.4

0.140***

38.2

−0.022***

−8.3

Firm is partly government owned

−0.133***

−8.7

−0.065***

−4.1

0.129***

8.6

−0.024***

−4.5

0.050***

5.8

0.016**

2.6

Share of female employees

−0.055***

−14.8

−0.021***

−5.6

−0.075***

−20.6

−0.050***

−27.1

−0.090***

−30.2

−0.060***

−27.4

Wage and productivity traits

            

Wage per worker, tercile 2 (ref. ter. 1)

−0.082***

−10.4

−0.308***

−37.9

0.149***

19.4

−0.015***

−11.4

0.040***

18.6

−0.006***

−3.5

Wage per worker, tercile 3

−0.171***

−20.0

−0.409***

−46.1

0.209***

24.9

−0.075***

−22.9

−0.112***

−21.3

0.208***

53.6

Labour productivity (sales/employ.), ln

−0.013***

−11.3

−0.005***

−4.0

−0.005***

−4.7

−0.015***

−30.9

−0.026***

−34.3

−0.016***

−28.3

Technology and infrastructure traits

            

Firm exports

0.097***

17.7

0.013**

2.4

−0.075***

−14.0

0.004**

2.3

−0.075***

−26.9

0.061***

30.1

Email use for doing business

−0.032***

−8.3

0.074***

18.7

−0.086***

−23.0

0.020***

14.1

0.157***

69.4

−0.012***

−7.1

Has 3 or + power outages a month

0.048***

16.4

0.016***

5.2

0.033***

11.6

0.052***

29.0

−0.024***

−8.2

0.045***

21.0

Business regulation traits

            

Firm has ISO certification

0.012**

2.1

0.005

0.8

0.093***

16.5

0.028***

21.5

0.004*

1.7

−0.011***

−7.0

Firm has external auditor

0.009*

1.8

0.093***

18.8

−0.130***

−27.9

0.033***

25.8

0.055***

27.2

−0.032***

−21.1

Spends 5+ % of time w/ regulations

−0.034***

−10.0

0.009**

2.6

−0.060***

−18.5

−0.004***

−2.7

−0.026***

−10.4

−0.050***

−27.7

Financial climate traits

            

Has credit line or loan from a bank

0.045***

14.9

0.175***

56.1

−0.063***

−21.3

0.006***

4.7

0.079***

39.2

−0.009***

−6.1

Has overdraft facility with their bank

0.036***

7.7

0.091***

19.0

−0.061***

−13.6

0.007***

5.6

0.007***

3.5

−0.024***

−15.9

Tax and corruption traits

            

Inspected by tax officials last year

−0.023***

−6.4

−0.043***

−11.5

0.025***

7.1

−0.012***

−9.5

0.061***

29.7

−0.035***

−23.5

Gives informal payments to officials

0.118***

30.7

0.009**

2.3

−0.064***

−17.0

0.064***

33.3

−0.049***

−15.6

0.007***

3.3

Country fixed effects

yes

 

yes

 

yes

 

yes

 

yes

 

yes

 

Constant

0.279**

2.1

0.859***

6.4

0.453***

3.6

0.097

1.3

0.307***

2.6

0.640***

7.4

Observations

1,509

 

1,517

 

1,517

 

2,153

 

2,162

 

2,162

 

Adjusted R-squared

0.228

 

0.365

 

0.224

 

0.197

 

0.282

 

0.201

 
  1. Source: Author’s regression results based on calculations of enterprise survey data. Note: The same note applies as in Table 3.