Creating and destroying jobs across East Asia Pacific: a country-level analysis on wages, exports, finance, regulation and infrastructure

IZA Journal of Labor & Development

Table 1 Descriptive summary statistics on job growth and job destruction across East Asia Pacific over the past 3 years

	China	Fiji	Indonesia	Lao PDR	Micronesia	Mongolia	Philippines	Samoa	Timor-Leste	Tonga	Vanuatu	Vietnam
Average annual job growth rate	0.08	0.07	0.15	0.04	0.09	0.28	0.07	0.07	0.10	0.01	0.13	0.10
Std. Dev.	0.15	0.18	0.42	0.27	0.24	1.03	0.48	0.16	0.34	0.08	0.25	0.34
% of firms experiencing:
Job creation	68.6	53.6	47.1	34.8	43.6	61.4	31.5	45.5	40.9	28.1	62.1	55.2
Job destruction	8.1	24.4	16.9	28.2	25.6	18.4	18.1	19.7	13.1	24.7	14.4	28.9
No change in # of employees	23.3	22	36	37	30.8	20.2	50.5	34.8	46	47.2	23.5	15.9
Total	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100
Of firms experiencing job creation, % that have:
<=5 employees (initial size)	8.6	29.4	70.8	19.8	24.8	17.1	13.6	20.4	49.8	42.1	13.0	16.5
6-15 employees	43.1	39.4	22.9	35.7	45.1	42.0	31.8	54.7	32.3	45.9	46.5	34.1
16-30 employees	12.8	11.7	1.7	10.1	18.8	19.2	20.7	13.8	11.8	11.5	27.1	16.2
31+ employees	35.5	19.6	4.7	34.5	11.3	21.7	33.8	11.2	6.2	0.5	13.5	33.2
Total	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100
Of firms experiencing job creation, % in:
Manufacturing sector^a	54.2	16.1	84.1	45.3	9.8	24.1	19.5	18.4	32.2	21.6	6.6	43.8
Service sector	43.4	81.3	14.8	47.3	86.5	43.5	76.8	71.2	41.0	78.4	82.5	44.9
Other sectors	2.4	2.6	1.1	7.4	3.8	32.4	3.7	10.4	26.8	0.0	10.9	11.3
Total	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100	100
Sample size	2,700	164	1,444	233	68	362	1,326	109	150	150	128	1,053
Survey year	2012	2009	2009	2012	2009	2009	2009	2009	2009	2009	2009	2009

Source: Author’s calculations based on enterprise survey data. Note: The average annual job growth rate at the firm level ranges from < 0 for job destruction to > 0 for job creation, and = 0 for no change in the number of employees. ^aManufacturing includes textiles, leather, garments, food, metals and machinery, electronics, chemicals and pharmaceuticals, wood and furniture, non-metallic and plastic materials, auto and auto components, and other manufacturing sectors; services include retail and wholesale trade, hotels and restaurants, and other services; other sectors include sectors such as construction and transportation.