Table 8 Informality equation estimation results (marginal effects)

Variable

2006

2009

2011

2006

2009

2011

2006

2009

2011

2006

2009

2011

Age

−0.003 ^b

0.001 ^b

−0.001 ^b

−0.004 ^b

0.002 ^c

−0.003 ^b

−4 × 10⁻⁴

0.001 ^b

4 × 10⁻⁵

−3 × 10⁻⁴

0.001

−0.001

(0.001)

(0.000)

(0.001)

(0.001)

(0.001)

(0.001)

(0.001)

(0.0003)

(0.0002)

(0.001)

(0.001)

(0.001)

Children

0.002

0.015

0.023 ^c

−0.003

0.015

0.046 ^c

−0.008

0.011

0.010

−0.006

0.005

0.028

(0.027)

(0.012)

(0.013)

(0.036)

(0.029)

(0.026)

(0.026)

(0.008)

(0.008)

(0.038)

(0.030)

(0.029)

Education

−0.032 ^a

−0.020 ^a

−0.027 ^a

−0.038 ^a

−0.040 ^a

−0.038 ^a

−0.024 ^a

−0.007 ^a

−0.011 ^a

−0.027 ^a

−0.017 ^b

−0.022 ^b

(0.006)

(0.003)

(0.003)

(0.008)

(0.006)

(0.006)

(0.006)

(0.002)

(0.002)

(0.008)

(0.006)

(0.007)

Married

−0.006

−0.013

−0.006

−0.012

−0.022

−0.011

−0.006

0.014 ^b

−0.007

−0.010

0.057 ^b

−0.023

(0.026)

(0.012)

(0.013)

(0.035)

(0.030)

(0.028)

(0.020)

(0.006)

(0.006)

(0.029)

(0.026)

(0.026)

Kazakh

0.028

−0.023

−0.048 ^a

0.070 ^c

0.048

−0.009

−0.014

−0.031 ^b

−0.022 ^b

−0.009

−0.042

0.020

(0.030)

(0.014)

(0.015)

(0.039)

(0.035)

(0.030)

(0.031)

(0.011)

(0.010)

(0.045)

(0.041)

(0.038)

European

−0.047

−0.066 ^a

−0.098 ^a

−0.040

−0.073 ^c

−0.132 ^a

−0.053 ^c

−0.058 ^a

−0.045 ^a

−0.071

−0.140 ^a

−0.095 ^b

(0.031)

(0.014)

(0.014)

(0.042)

(0.038)

(0.034)

(0.032)

(0.011)

(0.009)

(0.047)

(0.042)

(0.041)

Tenure

−0.047 ^a

−0.022 ^a

−0.011 ^b

−0.059 ^a

−0.046 ^a

−0.013

−0.052 ^a

−0.030 ^a

−0.014 ^a

−0.067 ^a

−0.090 ^a

−0.034 ^a

(0.008)

(0.004)

(0.004)

(0.010)

(0.009)

(0.009)

(0.008)

(0.005)

(0.003)

(0.011)

(0.009)

(0.010)

Hours

−0.008 ^a

−0.002 ^b

−0.003 ^b

−0.008 ^a

−0.003

−0.004 ^b

−0.008 ^a

−0.002 ^a

−0.002 ^a

−0.009 ^a

−0.002

−0.005 ^b

(0.001)

(0.001)

(0.001)

(0.002)

(0.002)

(0.002)

(0.001)

(0.0007)

(0.001)

(0.001)

(0.002)

(0.002)

Professional

−0.123 ^b

−0.063 ^a

−0.100 ^a

−0.089

−0.096

−0.194 ^b

−0.032

−0.074 ^a

−0.059 ^a

0.115

−0.102

−0.068

(0.047)

(0.018)

(0.018)

(0.086)

(0.070)

(0.062)

(0.048)

(0.009)

(0.009)

(0.071)

(0.065)

(0.061)

Urban

0.054 ^b

0.008

0.024 ^b

0.095 ^a

0.066 ^b

0.084 ^a

0.092 ^a

0.001

0.008

0.147 ^a

0.031

0.085 ^a

(0.022)

(0.010)

(0.011)

(0.028)

(0.025)

(0.023)

(0.022)

(0.006)

(0.007)

(0.029)

(0.026)

(0.026)

Almaty/Astana

−0.135 ^a

−0.011

−0.040 ^b

−0.129 ^b

0.066

−0.050

−0.135 ^a

−0.021 ^c

−0.047 ^a

−0.171 ^b

0.039

−0.091

(0.033)

(0.019)

(0.019)

(0.060)

(0.053)

(0.050)

(0.031)

(0.012)

(0.010)

(0.061)

(0.064)

(0.058)

N

1647

1992

2300

1647

1992

2300

1566

1822

1716

1566

1822

1716