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Table 5 Female participation rates regressions by selected country in the Middle East and North Africa region

From: Economic development and female labor participation in the Middle East and North Africa: a test of the U-shape hypothesis

 

(1) Fertility rate

(2) Agricultural share in value added

(3) Manufacturing value added (ln, constant, local curr.)

(4) Services value added (ln, constant, local curr.)

AB-GMM

    

Pooled sample

−0.316***

−0.043

0.755***

0.885***

OLS 2 lags

    

Algeria

0.058

−0.006

0.783***

1.290***

Egypt

−1.285**

−0.492***

1.907**

2.470**

Jordan

−0.421

0.108

1.389*

4.564**

Lebanon

−0.573***

−0.061

0.499

−1.212***

Morocco

0.273

0.244**

−2.904

−1.951*

Saudi Arabia

−0.639***

−0.211**

1.526**

0.877

Tunisia

0.188

0.015

0.640

0.444*

Yemen

−0.444**

−0.042

−0.656

1.052

Reduced granger model 2 lags

    

Algeria

0.030

−0.040**

0.636*

1.117**

Egypt

−1.157**

−0.500***

1.822**

2.389**

Jordan

−0.354

0.090

1.669*

5.572**

Lebanon

−0.750***

−0.096*

0.522

−0.790

Morocco

0.324

0.161

−3.021

−1.949*

Saudi Arabia

−0.645***

−0.153

1.501**

0.848

Tunisia

0.174

0.008

0.676

0.469**

Yemen

−0.429**

−0.007

−0.167

0.180

  1. Source: ILO-EAPEP database (Female LFP) and World Bank, World Development Indicators for other indicators. Significance level: *** = .01; ** = .05; * = .1 - *; Standard errors, lags and constants omitted. In bold, coefficient changing significance or sign in the Granger model.