Economic development and female labor participation in the Middle East and North Africa: a test of the U-shape hypothesis

IZA Journal of Labor & Development

Table 4 Female participation rates panel regressions by region, age 15 and above (AB-GMM)

	(1) Fertility rate	(2) Agricultural share in value added	(3) Manufacturing value added (ln, constant, local curr.)	(4) Services value added (ln, constant, local curr.)	(5) Number of observations
ALL	−0.412***	−0.024***	0.416***	0.478***	3,461
EAS	−0.032	0.007	0.343***	0.010	490
ECS	−0.109	−0.017***	0.385**	0.331***	966
LCN	−1.594***	−0.100***	0.804*	3.253***	553
MEA	−0.276***	−0.015	0.373*	0.552***	354
NAC	−2.044***	−0.047	2.116***	0.345	42
SAS	−0.334**	−0.025	0.370	0.154	145
SSF	−0.131***	−0.011***	−0.137**	0.148**	911

Source: ILO-EAPEP database (Female LFP) and World Bank, World Development Indicators for other indicators. Significance level: *** = .01; ** = .05; * = .1 - *; Standard errors, lagged variables and constants omitted. EAS: East Asia and the Pacific; ECS: Europe and Central Asia; LCN: Latin America and the Caribbean; MEA: Middle East and North Africa; NAC: North America; SAS: South Asia; SSF: Sub-Saharan Africa.