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IZA Journal of Labor & Development

Table 2 Female participation rates panel regressions by region and age groups (AB-GMM)

From: Economic development and female labor participation in the Middle East and North Africa: a test of the U-shape hypothesis

Region

Age group

L.FPR

lngdp

lngdp2

Obs.

Signs

ALL

15plus

0.875***

−2.357**

0.174***

3,472

-/+

EAS

15plus

0.840***

−4.988***

0.314***

492

-/+

ECS

15plus

0.864***

−5.337***

0.325***

975

-/+

LCN

15plus

0.837***

16.573**

−0.752*

553

+/-

MEA

15plus

0.896***

10.547***

−0.535***

354

+/-

NAC

15plus

0.801***

214.551***

−10.175***

42

+/-

SAS

15plus

0.968***

10.986*

−0.714*

145

+/-

SSF

15plus

0.904***

−1.752***

0.115***

911

-/+

ALL

20-24

0.813***

−0.671

−0.027

3,472

 

EAS

20-24

0.845***

−0.002

−0.078

492

 

ECS

20-24

0.906***

−4.920

0.238

975

 

LCN

20-24

0.757***

37.134***

−1.924***

553

+/-

MEA

20-24

0.790***

8.660**

−0.483**

354

+/-

NAC

20-24

0.809***

284.109***

−13.561***

42

+/-

SAS

20-24

0.940***

16.241*

−1.089*

145

+/-

SSF

20-24

0.876***

0.301

−0.053

911

 

ALL

25-29

0.871***

−2.241

0.185*

3,472

/+

EAS

25-29

0.839***

−1.824

0.159

492

 

ECS

25-29

0.790***

−2.055

0.128

975

 

LCN

25-29

0.857***

10.191

−0.395

553

 

MEA

25-29

0.888***

17.608***

−0.883***

354

+/-

NAC

25-29

0.665***

322.451***

−15.268***

42

+/-

SAS

25-29

0.985***

13.959*

−0.920*

145

+/-

SSF

25-29

0.913***

−4.195***

0.305***

911

-/+

ALL

30-34

0.896***

−1.971

0.158

3,472

 

EAS

30-34

0.871***

−3.421*

0.271**

492

-/+

ECS

30-34

0.861***

−3.980

0.229

975

 

LCN

30-34

0.843***

12.142

−0.477

553

 

MEA

30-34

0.903***

11.450***

−0.577***

354

+/-

NAC

30-34

0.492***

459.789***

−21.771***

42

+/-

SAS

30-34

0.997***

13.063*

−0.859*

145

+/-

SSF

30-34

0.918***

−2.400***

0.179***

911

-/+

ALL

40-44

0.921***

−1.673

0.120

3,472

 

EAS

40-44

0.838***

−5.670***

0.408***

492

-/+

ECS

40-44

0.920***

−0.301

0.029

975

 

LCN

40-44

0.844***

24.253*

−1.132

553

 

MEA

40-44

0.896***

10.949***

−0.552***

354

+/-

NAC

40-44

0.767***

272.752***

−12.989***

42

+/-

SAS

40-44

0.941***

1.445

−0.053

145

 

SSF

40-44

0.917***

−3.165***

0.222***

911

-/+

ALL

50-54

0.929***

−5.528**

0.385**

3,472

-/+

EAS

50-54

0.835***

−7.530**

0.536***

492

-/+

ECS

50-54

0.892***

−18.712***

1.136***

975

-/+

LCN

50-54

0.800***

49.412**

−2.333**

553

+/-

MEA

50-54

0.905***

1.923

−0.067

354

 

NAC

50-54

0.790***

338.126***

−15.914***

42

+/-

SAS

50-54

0.943***

3.510

−0.153

145

 

SSF

50-54

0.930***

−2.985***

0.189***

911

-/+

  1. Source: ILO-EAPEP database (Female LFP) and World Bank, World Development Indicators (GDP per capita in PPP values). Significance level: *** = .01; ** = .05; * = .1 - *; Standard errors omitted. EAS: East Asia and the Pacific; ECS: Europe and Central Asia; LCN: Latin America and the Caribbean; MEA: Middle East and North Africa; NAC: North America; SAS: South Asia; SSF: Sub-Saharan Africa. Constant term omitted.
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