Table 1 Means of explanatory variables, population census data, ages 15-29
From: Making sense of Arab labor markets: the enduring legacy of dualism
Egypt 1996 | Egypt 2006 | Iraq 1997 | Jordan 2004 | Morocco 2004 | Palestine 1997 | Palestine 2007 | Total | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Individual characteristics | ||||||||
Age | 22.5 | 23.1 | 22.5 | 23.6 | 22.5 | 22.8 | 23.3 | 22.7 |
Age squared | 519.3 | 547.5 | 521.7 | 570.1 | 520.9 | 532.4 | 558.1 | 532.1 |
Male (%) | 80.1 | 79.3 | 91.6 | 74.2 | 69.1 | 89.7 | 85.0 | 78.9 |
Female (%) | 19.9 | 20.7 | 8.4 | 25.8 | 30.9 | 10.3 | 15.0 | 21.1 |
Education: less than primary (%) | 39.6 | 27.1 | 31.3 | 7.0 | 57.8 | 10.8 | 5.2 | 36.1 |
Education: primary (%) | 7.0 | 10.4 | 49.7 | 41.0 | 32.2 | 58.6 | 56.7 | 19.4 |
Education: secondary (%) | 44.2 | 46.4 | 13.7 | 35.4 | 8.0 | 23.7 | 19.9 | 34.3 |
Education: university (%) | 9.2 | 16.0 | 5.3 | 16.5 | 2.0 | 6.9 | 18.1 | 10.2 |
Urban/rural Location | ||||||||
Urban/rural missing (%) | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 14.8 | 5.7 | 19.2 |
Rural (%) | 41.9 | 59.2 | 34.4 | 23.7 | 0.0 | 33.6 | 28.8 | 38.8 |
Urban (%) | 58.1 | 40.8 | 65.4 | 76.3 | 0.0 | 51.6 | 65.6 | 42.0 |
Province/Governorate characteristics | ||||||||
Public employment rate (%) | 34.9 | 26.9 | 41.0 | 35.8 | 11.1 | 18.3 | 18.1 | 27.8 |
% Connected to electricity | 95.2 | 99.0 | 96.7 | 99.1 | 70.2 | 94.9 | 99.2 | 92.1 |
% Connected to piped water | 71.9 | 93.7 | 78.3 | 83.8 | 53.8 | 83.4 | 80.6 | 77.6 |
% Connected to sewerage network | 41.3 | 51.3 | 71.7 | 53.3 | 67.2 | 32.0 | 30.5 | 53.1 |
% w/ Secondary education in working age population (%) | 23.3 | 33.9 | 13.8 | 34.3 | 8.9 | 22.5 | 25.6 | 23.8 |
% w/ University education in working age population (%) | 6.9 | 11.0 | 5.2 | 10.6 | 2.7 | 5.7 | 9.7 | 7.5 |
N (Observations) | 679,333 | 839,128 | 233,428 | 67,750 | 218,806 | 27,239 | 19,018 | 2,084,702 |