From: Are migrants discriminated against in Chinese urban labour markets?
 | Total | Formal contract | Self-employed | Without contract |
---|---|---|---|---|
 | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
A. urban residents | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Age | 38.0 | 38.3 | 39.1 | 37.2 |
Education levels (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Primary and below | 5.7 | 3.8 | 14.6 | 6.0 |
Junior middle school | 30.1 | 24.1 | 52.6 | 33.0 |
Senior middle school | 33.9 | 35.7 | 28.5 | 32.4 |
College and above | 30.3 | 36.4 | 4.3 | 28.6 |
Female (%) | 41.8 | 41.4 | 37.1 | 44.4 |
Not married (%) | 12.0 | 11.5 | 6.7 | 15.2 |
Left the hukou within 0.5–5 years | - | - | - | - |
Monthly income (Yuan) | 1133.1 | 1286.5 | 857.9 | 940.2 |
Hourly income (Yuan) | 6.6 | 7.6 | 4.3 | 5.4 |
No unemployment insurance (%) | 55.4 | 36.0 | 94.1 | 78.3 |
No pension (%) | 37.3 | 19.1 | 78.5 | 56.9 |
No medical insurance (%) | 36.3 | 18.9 | 81.7 | 52.6 |
Obs. | 219712 | 128509 | 25832 | 65371 |
B. rural migrants | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Age | 30.2 | 28.8 | 35.7 | 29.2 |
Education levels (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Primary and below | 19.6 | 12.6 | 30.4 | 20.8 |
Junior middle school | 62.5 | 62.9 | 57.2 | 64.2 |
Senior middle school | 15.9 | 21.3 | 11.6 | 13.6 |
College and above | 1.9 | 3.2 | 0.7 | 1.4 |
Female (%) | 41.4 | 45.2 | 29.3 | 43.1 |
Not married (%) | 36.5 | 43.4 | 8.5 | 41.7 |
Left the hukou within 0.5–5 years | 73.1 | 73.9 | 60.4 | 77.1 |
Monthly income (Yuan) | 997.9 | 1144.7 | 994.0 | 892.2 |
Hourly income (Yuan) | 4.8 | 5.7 | 4.6 | 4.2 |
No unemployment insurance (%) | 92.9 | 82.8 | 99.5 | 97.9 |
No pension (%) | 85.8 | 66.8 | 97.7 | 95.3 |
No medical insurance (%) | 82.5 | 62.2 | 94.9 | 92.7 |
Obs. | 94621 | 32947 | 16536 | 45138 |
C. urban migrants | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Age | 31.8 | 31.3 | 36.6 | 30.5 |
Education levels (%) | Â | Â | Â | Â |
Primary and below | 4.6 | 2.4 | 9.8 | 5.5 |
Junior middle school | 29.4 | 20.3 | 45.7 | 36.4 |
Senior middle school | 36.5 | 36.7 | 33.6 | 37.3 |
College and above | 29.5 | 40.6 | 10.8 | 20.7 |
Female (%) | 41.1 | 40.2 | 35.2 | 45.0 |
Not married (%) | 36.7 | 39.4 | 10.7 | 43.9 |
Left the hukou within 0.5–5 years | 70.3 | 69.5 | 62.7 | 74.7 |
Monthly income (Yuan) | 1688.5 | 2090.2 | 1351.6 | 1218.0 |
Hourly income (Yuan) | 9.3 | 11.9 | 6.8 | 6.5 |
No unemployment insurance (%) | 71.8 | 53.7 | 94.4 | 89.7 |
No pension (%) | 57.0 | 34.5 | 80.6 | 81.2 |
No medical insurance (%) | 59.6 | 37.5 | 85.4 | 82.5 |
Obs. | 22214 | 11482 | 3272 | 7460 |