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Table 2 Socio-economic characteristics according to income classes

From: The effects of migration on poverty and inequality in rural Kosovo

 

All households

Income class (tertile)

Test statistics

  

1

2

3

χ 2/ p

Number of rural HH

1727.00

576.00

575.00

576.00

---

Share of remittances receiving HH in %

16.79

9.38

14.43

26.56

72.427 / 0.000

HH size

4.97

5.60

4.90

4.43

0.049 / 0.976

Dependency ratio

0.52

0.65

0.47

0.43

3.078 / 0.215

Age of HH head

49.85

50.10

50.13

49.32

1.766 / 0.414

Number of migrants

0.71

0.42

0.64

1.06

3.998 / 0.135

Share of HH with at least one migrant

27.74

17.19

25.39

40.63

81.249 / 0.000

Years of education of HH head

10.95

10.15

11.18

11.52

4.574 / 0.102

Highest level of education in HH in %

     

- Primary School (up to 4 years) or lower

2.21

4.20

1.39

1.04

6.171 / 0.046

- Secondary General School (~8 years)

8.25

13.46

5.39

5.91

49.644 / 0.000

- Vocational or Grammar School (~12 years)

50.35

51.75

52.87

46.43

4.087 / 0.130

- University degree

39.20

30.59

40.35

46.61

28.244 / 0.000

Household income (€)

4,819

2,506

4,255

7,695

8.427 / 0.015

Household income incl. remittances (€)

5,249

2,577

4,469

8,700

8.570 / 0.014

PC income, equivalised (€)

1,889

852

1,599

3,216

9.020 / 0.011

PC income incl. remittances, equivalised (€)

2,060

877

1,667

3,637

9.449 / 0.009

Income shares (%)

     

- Waged employment

66.62

54.07

73.28

72.50

2.038 / 0.361

- Self-employment

10.66

14.44

9.96

7.59

3.667 / 0.160

- Remittances

5.14

2.59

4.05

8.77

6.000 / 0.050

- Other income

17.58

28.89

12.72

11.14

2.352 / 0.308

HH with remittances as main income source (%)

3.65

2.08

1.74

7.12

29.688 / 0.000

Household spending (€ per month)

130.80

83.28

130.10

179.66

 

Household food expenditures (%)

40.63

44.56

40.70

38.28

 

Share in all household incomes (%)

100.00

16.37

28.35

55.28

 

Upward shift compared to tertile based on counterfactual migrant incomes

8.51

--

6.09

19.44

 
  1. Source: Own calculation based on KRS 2010 data.
  2. Note: N=1,727 rural households; Tertile 1 = Income class with the lowest per capita income (incl. remittances) etc.
  3. HH=household, PC = per capita.
  4. The test statistics refer to a Kruskal-Wallis-Test.