From: The effects of migration on poverty and inequality in rural Kosovo
All households | Income class (tertile) | Test statistics | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | χ 2/ p | ||
Number of rural HH | 1727.00 | 576.00 | 575.00 | 576.00 | --- |
Share of remittances receiving HH in % | 16.79 | 9.38 | 14.43 | 26.56 | 72.427 / 0.000 |
HH size | 4.97 | 5.60 | 4.90 | 4.43 | 0.049 / 0.976 |
Dependency ratio | 0.52 | 0.65 | 0.47 | 0.43 | 3.078 / 0.215 |
Age of HH head | 49.85 | 50.10 | 50.13 | 49.32 | 1.766 / 0.414 |
Number of migrants | 0.71 | 0.42 | 0.64 | 1.06 | 3.998 / 0.135 |
Share of HH with at least one migrant | 27.74 | 17.19 | 25.39 | 40.63 | 81.249 / 0.000 |
Years of education of HH head | 10.95 | 10.15 | 11.18 | 11.52 | 4.574 / 0.102 |
Highest level of education in HH in % | |||||
- Primary School (up to 4 years) or lower | 2.21 | 4.20 | 1.39 | 1.04 | 6.171 / 0.046 |
- Secondary General School (~8 years) | 8.25 | 13.46 | 5.39 | 5.91 | 49.644 / 0.000 |
- Vocational or Grammar School (~12 years) | 50.35 | 51.75 | 52.87 | 46.43 | 4.087 / 0.130 |
- University degree | 39.20 | 30.59 | 40.35 | 46.61 | 28.244 / 0.000 |
Household income (€) | 4,819 | 2,506 | 4,255 | 7,695 | 8.427 / 0.015 |
Household income incl. remittances (€) | 5,249 | 2,577 | 4,469 | 8,700 | 8.570 / 0.014 |
PC income, equivalised (€) | 1,889 | 852 | 1,599 | 3,216 | 9.020 / 0.011 |
PC income incl. remittances, equivalised (€) | 2,060 | 877 | 1,667 | 3,637 | 9.449 / 0.009 |
Income shares (%) | |||||
- Waged employment | 66.62 | 54.07 | 73.28 | 72.50 | 2.038 / 0.361 |
- Self-employment | 10.66 | 14.44 | 9.96 | 7.59 | 3.667 / 0.160 |
- Remittances | 5.14 | 2.59 | 4.05 | 8.77 | 6.000 / 0.050 |
- Other income | 17.58 | 28.89 | 12.72 | 11.14 | 2.352 / 0.308 |
HH with remittances as main income source (%) | 3.65 | 2.08 | 1.74 | 7.12 | 29.688 / 0.000 |
Household spending (€ per month) | 130.80 | 83.28 | 130.10 | 179.66 | |
Household food expenditures (%) | 40.63 | 44.56 | 40.70 | 38.28 | |
Share in all household incomes (%) | 100.00 | 16.37 | 28.35 | 55.28 | |
Upward shift compared to tertile based on counterfactual migrant incomes | 8.51 | -- | 6.09 | 19.44 |