Table 1 T-test and Z-score for the difference of means for covariates, 2007

Gender (=1 if female)

0.31

0.34

0.48

Ethnicity (=1 if African-Brazilian)

0.69

0.64

0.43

Marital status (=1 if married)

0.61

0.65

0.52

Age

42.6

39.4

0.06*

Weekly hours of adult work

10.1

10.4

0.81

Weekly hours of child labor > 16 years old)

8.35

3.3

0.00***

Years of education (family head)

5

9

0.00***

Monthly income (currency BRL^a) per capita^b

553.1

255.8

0.00***

Informal worker (=1 if informal)

0.94

0.65

0.00***

Access to credit (=1 if have)

0.44

0.45

0.88

Number of children (<16 years old)

0.78

0.81

0.46

Observations (households)

168

137