The determinants of United Kingdom student visa demand from developing countries

IZA Journal of Labor & Development

Table 3 Determinants of fixed effects for UK student visa models

Variables	Visa applications	Visa issues
Common Language	2.4489***	2.2427***
	(0.6197)	(0.6119)
Log of Distance	−1.6152***	−1.4038***
	(0.5398)	(0.5330)
Muslim (%)	0.0202***	0.0232***
	(0.0077)	(0.0076)
Net Primary Enrolments (%)	−0.0554**	−0.0424*
	(0.0233)	(0.0230)
Net Secondary Enrolments (%)	0.0350**	0.0383**
	(0.0153)	(0.0151)
Political Stability Index	0.5693	0.7871**
	(0.3701)	(0.3655)
Constant	15.267***	12.164**
	(5.288)	(5.221)
Number of Observations	89	89
RESET (F-test)	1.00	3.230
	[0.397]	[0.027]
Breusch-Pagan Heteroscedasticity Test	9.00	10.030
	[0.173]	[0.123]
Jarque -Bera Normality Test	2.39	1.230
	[0.303]	[0.540]
$\hat{σ}$ (standard error of regression)	2.462	2.431
R-squared (adjusted)	0.297	0.307

Notes:
(1) The estimation procedure is OLS and standard errors are reported in parentheses.
(2) The dependent variable for the visa applications column is comprised of the 89 estimated country-specific fixed effects from the restricted model (1) in Table 1.
(3) The dependent variable for visa issues is comprised of the 89 estimated country-specific fixed effects from the restricted model (2) in Table 2.
(4) ***, ** and * denote statistical significance at the 0.01, 0.05 and 0.10 level respectively using two-tailed tests.
(5) The RESET is distributed as F(3,79). The reported heteroscedasticity and normality tests are Lagrange Multiplier (LM) tests. The prob-values are reported in the squared brackets beneath these test values.
(6) The F-test values for the null hypothesis that the distance elasticity is equal to minus one is computed as F(1, 82) = 1.30 with a prob-value of 0.26 for visa applications and F(1,82) = 0.57 with a prob-value of 0.45 for visa issues.