Table 5 Two-stage least squares estimations
From: Jobs and kids: female employment and fertility in China
Variables | Two-stage least squares estimation | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Preferred number of children | Actual number of children | |||
Female employment status | ||||
Not employed (reference) | ||||
Employed | −0.638 | (0.437) | −0.640 | (0.393)* |
Other explanatory variables | ||||
Household annual income in natural log | 0.025 | (0.013)** | 0.022 | (0.010)** |
Ethnic minority (wife and/or husband) | −0.031 | (0.058) | 0.010 | (0.055) |
Age | 0.006 | (0.023) | 0.097 | (0.020)*** |
Age squared | 0.000 | (0.0003) | −0.001 | (0.0003)*** |
Married | 0.072 | (0.145) | 0.112 | (0.132) |
The first child is a son | −0.112 | (0.029)*** | −0.098 | (0.027)*** |
Wife has siblings | 0.035 | (0.082) | 0.024 | (0.077) |
Husband has siblings | 0.049 | (0.070) | 0.013 | (0.064) |
Smoking | −0.119 | (0.130) | −0.084 | (0.126) |
Drinking alcohol | 0.102 | (0.053)* | 0.043 | (0.049) |
Health insurance | 0.061 | (0.034)* | 0.038 | (0.032) |
Education | ||||
Less than primary school (reference) | ||||
Primary school | −0.124 | (0.062)** | −0.123 | (0.057)** |
Lower middle school | −0.147 | (0.079)* | −0.143 | (0.067)** |
Upper middle school | −0.250 | (0.089)*** | −0.248 | (0.078)*** |
Technologic school | −0.345 | (0.104)*** | −0.273 | (0.088)*** |
College | −0.277 | (0.105)*** | −0.263 | (0.086)*** |
Occupation | ||||
Worker (reference) | ||||
Professional | 0.235 | (0.238) | 0.250 | (0.212) |
Manager | 0.199 | (0.253) | 0.229 | (0.226) |
Staff | 0.221 | (0.209) | 0.244 | (0.183) |
Other occupations | 0.312 | (0.281) | 0.327 | (0.253) |
Health status | ||||
Excellent (reference) | ||||
Good | −0.017 | (0.049) | −0.073 | (0.045) |
Fair | −0.012 | (0.055) | −0.079 | (0.048)* |
Poor | −0.109 | (0.103) | −0.127 | (0.099) |
Province | ||||
Heilongjiang (reference) | ||||
Liaoning | 0.229 | (0.082)*** | 0.193 | (0.077)*** |
Jiangsu | 0.186 | (0.133) | 0.148 | (0.124) |
Shandong | 0.247 | (0.109)** | 0.154 | (0.100) |
Henan | 0.565 | (0.056)*** | 0.484 | (0.053)*** |
Hubei | 0.371 | (0.086)*** | 0.324 | (0.077)*** |
Hunan | 0.404 | (0.063)*** | 0.227 | (0.055)*** |
Guangxi | 0.364 | (0.129)*** | 0.312 | (0.120)*** |
Guizhou | 0.603 | (0.095)*** | 0.534 | (0.090)*** |
Village or neighborhood population (in 1000) | −0.007 | (0.003)** | −0.007 | (0.002)*** |
Han nationality allowed to have two children if the first child is female | 0.187 | (0.044)*** | 0.236 | (0.039)*** |
Receiving a subsidy if having one child | −0.209 | (0.043)*** | −0.153 | (0.037)*** |
Urban | −0.010 | (0.143) | −0.060 | (0.129) |
Constant | 0.990 | (0.483)** | −1.122 | (0.393)*** |