Table 4 The first stage estimation using the instrumental variable
From: Jobs and kids: female employment and fertility in China
Estimation model | Estimation with “Employed” as the dependent variable | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
Ordinary least squares coefficient | Probit marginal effect | |||
Instrumental variable | ||||
A bus stop in the village or neighborhood | 0.079 | (0.017)*** | 0.106 | (0.025)*** |
Other explanatory variables | ||||
Household annual income in natural log | 0.019 | (0.004)*** | 0.041 | (0.010)*** |
Ethnic minority (wife and/or husband) | −0.064 | (0.024)*** | −0.100 | (0.036)*** |
Age | 0.027 | (0.009)*** | 0.055 | (0.015)*** |
Age squared | −0.001 | (0.001)*** | −0.001 | (0.0002)*** |
Married | −0.025 | (0.056) | −0.085 | (0.102) |
The first child is a son | 0.007 | (0.015) | 0.013 | (0.023) |
Wife has siblings | −0.025 | (0.0436) | −0.031 | (0.072) |
Husband has siblings | −0.019 | (0.035) | −0.001 | (0.055) |
Smoking | −0.061 | (0.037)* | −0.197 | (0.071)** |
Drinking alcohol | 0.024 | (0.026) | 0.086 | (0.044)** |
Health insurance | −0.014 | (0.017) | 0.023 | (0.026) |
Education | ||||
Less than primary school (reference) | ||||
Primary school | 0.026 | (0.024) | 0.084 | (0.048)*** |
Lower middle school | 0.122 | (0.023)*** | 0.233 | (0.041)*** |
Upper middle school | 0.136 | (0.029)*** | 0.274 | (0.051)*** |
Technologic school | 0.148 | (0.039)*** | 0.512 | (0.047)*** |
College | 0.109 | (0.041)*** | 0.677 | (0.023)*** |
Health status | ||||
Excellent (reference) | ||||
Good | −0.059 | (0.023)*** | −0.082 | (0.035)*** |
Fair | −0.046 | (0.026)* | −0.053 | (0.037) |
Poor | −0.140 | (0.039)*** | −0.214 | (0.045)*** |
Province | ||||
Heilongjiang (reference) | ||||
Liaoning | 0.141 | (0.028)*** | 0.259 | (0.052)*** |
Jiangsu | 0.309 | (0.033)*** | 0.444 | (0.048)*** |
Shandong | 0.204 | (0.030)*** | 0.354 | (0.050)*** |
Henan | 0.019 | (0.023) | 0.024 | (0.050) |
Hubei | 0.152 | (0.031)*** | 0.236 | (0.057)*** |
Hunan | 0.032 | (0.027) | 0.046 | (0.054) |
Guangxi | 0.240 | (0.035)*** | 0.420 | (0.052)*** |
Guizhou | 0.160 | (0.030)*** | 0.305 | (0.057)*** |
Village or neighborhood population (in 1000) | −0.002 | (0.001)** | −0.003 | (0.002) |
Han nationality allowed to have two children if the first child is female | −0.033 | (0.017)* | −0.041 | (0.027) |
Receiving a subsidy if having one child | 0.039 | (0.019)** | 0.064 | (0.030)** |
Urban | 0.306 | (0.026)*** | 0.491 | (0.032)*** |
Constant | −0.507 | (0.196)*** | N/A | |
R squared | 0.378 | N/A | ||
Tests of the first stage1 | ||||
Test of excluded instruments | ||||
F statistic | 22.520 | *** | N/A | |
Underidentification tests | ||||
Kleibergen-Paap rk LM statistic | 22.690 | *** | N/A | |
Kleibergen-Paap rk Wald statistic | 22.960 | *** | N/A | |
Weak identification test | ||||
Kleibergen-Paap Wald rk F statistic2 | 22.600 | * | N/A | |